考研真题
1. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解
考研指导书
1. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解
2. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】
3. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
4. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
书籍目录
第1章 导 言
第2章 音位学
第3章 形态学
第4章 句法学
第5章 语义学
第6章 语用学
第7章 语言变化
第8章 语言与社会
第9章 语言与文化
第10章 语言习得
第11章 第二语言习得
第12章 语言与大脑

部分内容
第1章 导 言
1.1 复习笔记
本章要点:
1 The definition and main branches of linguistics study
语言学的定义和研究的范围
2 Important distinctions in Linguistics
语言学的一些重要区分
3 The definition and the design features of language
语言的定义与识别特征
4 Functions of language
语言的功能
本章考点:
1 有关语言学的常考考点
语言学的定义;语言学中几组重要区别,每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义;普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴;宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2 有关语言的常考考点
语言的定义;语言的识别特征(任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递);语言的功能。
本章内容索引:
Ⅰ. The definition of linguistics
Ⅱ. The scope of linguistics
1 Micro-linguistics
2 Macro-linguistics
Ⅲ. Some important distinctions in linguistics
1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic
3 Speech vs. Writing
4 Langue vs. Parole
5 Competence vs. Performance
6 Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics
Ⅳ. The definition of language
Ⅴ. The design features of language
1 Arbitrariness
2 Productivity
3 Duality
4 Displacement
5 Cultural Transmission
6 Interchangeability
Ⅵ. Functions of language
1 Main functions
2 Basic functions
3 Macrofunctions
Ⅰ. The definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The research is based on comprehensive review of language information under the guidance of certain general theory of language structure.
语言学是对语言的科学研究。该研究是在一般语言结构理论指导下,对语言信息进行综合考察的基础上进行的。
Ⅱ. The scope of linguistics(语言学的研究范畴)
General linguistic deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
一般语言学涉及适用于任何语言学研究的基本概念、理论、描述、模型和方法。
1 Micro-linguistics (form the core of linguistics) (微观语言学)
Phonetics: it studies the speech sound.
Phonology: it studies the sound pattern of languages.
Morphology: studies the internal structure of words.
Syntax: it studies the combination of words to form sentences.
Semantic: it studies the meaning of language isolation.
Pragmatics: it studies the meaning of language in particular situation.
语音学:研究语音。
音系学:研究语言的声音模式。
形态学:研究词的内部结构。
句法学:它研究词的组合来造句。
语义学:研究语言隔离的意义。
语用学:研究语言在特定情境下的意义。
2 Macro-linguistics (form the relation with other fields)(宏观语言学)
Sociolinguistics: it describes the effect of any and all aspects of society.
Psycholinguistics: it studies the mental aspects of language and speech.
Applied linguistics: it deals with language-related real-life problems.
社会语言学:对语言的所有社会层面以及它与社会的关系的研究。
心理语言学:对语言及它与心理的关系的研究。
应用语言学:研究与语言相关的现实问题。
Ⅲ. Some important distinctions in linguistics(语言学中一些重要的区分)
1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive(描写式与规定式)
Descriptive linguistics objectively analyzes and describes how language is actually used.
Prescriptive linguistics attempts to establish rules defining correct usage of language. These rules may emphasize things such as spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax, and semantics.
描写性语言学客观分析和描写人们实际使用的语言。
规定性语言学试图建立定义语言正确用法的规则。这些规则可能强调拼写、发音、词汇、语法和语义等内容。
2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic(共时性与历时性)
Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at any given time.
Diachronic study refers to the study of how a language evolves over a period of time. It is a historical study.
对语言在历史上的某一时间点进行的描写就是共时性研究。
对语言随时间变化而变化进行的描写就是历时性研究。
语言的历时性研究是一种历史性研究;它研究语言在某一个时间段的历史演变。
3 Speech vs. Writing(言语与文字)
Speech and writing are the two major carrier used in human communication. Modern linguistics believes that speech is prior to writing.
言语和文字是语言交际的两个主要媒介。现代语言学把口头语看作是人类语言的自然的或基本的媒体。
4 Langue vs. Parole(语言与言语)
Saussure made a distinction between language and parole from a sociological point of view. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
索绪尔从社会学的角度对语言和言语进行了区分。语言是指一个语言群体的所有成员所共有的抽象的语言系统。言语是指语言的具体实现和运用。
5 Competence vs. Performance(语言能力与语言应用)
Chomsky made a distinction between competence and performance from a psychological point of view.
(1) Competence is a set of rules internalized by speakers which enables them to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences and recognize the mistakes and ambiguities.
(2) Performance is the actual realization of the set of rules in linguistic communication.
(3) Contrast between Saussure’s and Chomsky’s distinction
乔姆斯基从心理学的角度对能力和表现进行了区分。
(1)能力是说话者内化的一套规则,它使说话者能产生和理解无数个句子,并能识别错误和歧义。
(2)表现是语言交际中一系列规则的实际实现。
(3)索绪尔与乔姆斯基的区分的异同。
【考点:比较Saussure和Chomsky的两对概念的异同】
①Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s share some similarities.
②Saussure analyzes language from a sociological perspective as a matter of social convention, and Chomsky analyzes from a psychological perspective and to his competence is the individuals’ knowledge of language.
①索绪尔的区分与乔姆斯基的非常相似。
②他们从根本上还是有区别的,因为索绪尔对语言采取的是社会学的观点,他的语言观念是社会惯例性的,而乔姆斯基则是从心理学的角度来看待语言的,对他而言,语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。
6 Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学)
Saussure’s book Course in General Linguistics ushers in the era of Modern Linguistics. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modern Linguistics are:
(1) Linguistic describes, while traditional grammar prescribes.
(2) Modern linguistics believes that speech is prior to writing.
(3) Traditional grammar analyzes language based on a Latin-based frame-work. Modern language thinks it’s unthinkable to judge one language by the standard of another.
索绪尔《普通语言学》一书的出版标志着现代语言学的开端。传统语法与现代语言学的不同表现在:
(1)语言学是描写性的,而传统语法是规定性的。
(2)现代语言学认为口头语是基本的,而不是书面语。
(3)现代语言学与传统语言学的区别还在于,它并不强迫语言进入一个以拉丁语为基础的框架。
Ⅳ. The definition of language(语言的定义)
【考点:名词解释】
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Five essential elements of language are: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic, and human-specific.
语言是人类用于口头交流的任意的符号系统。
该定义揭示了语言的五个要素:系统,任意,口头,符号,人类特有。
Ⅴ. The design features of language(语言的识别特征)(本章重点部分)
Design features are a set of features that characterize human language and set it apart from animal communication.
语言的识别特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。
1 Arbitrariness(任意性)
(1) Language is arbitrary. This means that languages are generally made up of both arbitrary and iconic symbols.
(2) However, language is not entirely arbitrary for example onomatopoetic words.
(1)语言是任意的。这意味着语言通常由任意符号和标志性符号组成。
(2)但它并不是完全任意的,象声词就是最好的例子。
2 Productivity(能产性或创造性)
Language is productive in that language-users can create and understand novel utterances. This enables human to understand and produce an infinite number of sentences which they have never came across.
语言具有能动性,因为语言使用者可以创造和理解新奇的话语。这使人类能够理解、产生无数他们从未遇到过的句子。
3 Duality(二重性)
Duality means that messages are made up of distinct smaller meaningful units (words and morphemes) which themselves are made up of distinct smaller, meaningless units (phonemes). Language consists of two levels.
二元性意味着信息是由不同的更小的有意义的单位(词和语素)组成的,而这些单位本身又是由不同的更小的、没有意义的单位(音素)组成的。语言分为两个层次。
4 Displacement(移位性)
Displacement refers to the idea that humans can talk about things that are not physically present or that do not even exist. Speakers can talk about the past and the future, and can express hopes and dreams. A human’s speech is not limited to here and now.
移位性指的是人类可以谈论不存在或根本不存在的事物。演讲者可以谈论过去和未来,可以表达希望和梦想。人类的语言并不局限于此时此地。
5 Cultural Transmission(文化传递)
Cultural transmission is the idea that language is more learned after birth through a social setting instead of inherent.
文化传播是指语言不靠遗传,而需要习得。
▼6Interchangeability(互换性)
Interchangeability refers to the idea that humans can give and receive identical linguistic messages, the role of speaker and hearer can be exchanged in a conversation.
互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者,也可以是信息的接受者,即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。
Ⅵ. Functions of Language(语言的功能)
1 Main Functions(主要功能)
The three main functions of language are the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.
语言的三个最主要的功能是描述性功能,表现功能,以及社会功功能。
(1) Descriptive Function(描述功能)
It is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.
描述功能用来表达被肯定或否定的信息,或已被证实的信息。
(2) Expressive Function(表达功能)
Language can be used to report feelings or attitudes of the user, or of the subject, or evokes feelings in the listener.
语言可以用来报告使用者的感觉、态度、主题,或唤起听者的感觉。
(3) Social Function(社会功能)
The social function of language refers to the way we relate language to our relationships with other people.
社会功能指用语言用来建立或保持人与人之间的社会关系。
2 Basic Functions(基础功能)
Jakobson identifies six functions of language, namely, emotive, conative, referential, poetic, phatic communion, metalinguistic.
杰克森将语言功能划分为六大类,分别是情感,意动,指向,娱乐,寒暄,以及元语言。
3 Macrofunctions(宏观功能)
The macrofunctions of language are the ideational function, the interpersonal function and the textual function.
语言的宏观功能有三类:概念功能,人际功能和语篇功能。
(1) Ideational(概念功能)
Ideational function is a term for a linguistic function referring to the content or idea expressed in an utterance.
概念功能是指一种语言功能,指的是话语中所表达的内容或思想。
(2) Interpersonal(人际功能)
Interpersonal function enables speakers to enact their complex and diverse relations with others.
人际功能使说话者能够与他人建立复杂而多样的关系。
(3) Textual(语篇功能)
Textual function enables us to produce coherent text which is appropriate for particular situation.
语篇功能使我们能够产生连贯的语篇,并且适用于特定的情境。
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