河南师范大学631基础英语考研真题及辅导用书

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河南师范大学外国语学院《631基础英语》历年考研真题AI讲解

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2009年河南师范大学外国语学院821基础英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ. Multiple Choice (30
scores)

Directions: There are 30 items in this section. Choose from the four options
A, B, C, and D under each item stem the most appropriate answer and write it on
the ANSWER SHEET.

1. When traveling, you are advised to take traveler’s checks, which
provide a secure _____ to carrying your money in cash.

A. substitute

B. selection

C. preference

D. alternative

【答案】D

【解析】句意：旅行时，建议你带上旅行支票，这是一种安全的旅行方式，可以代替携带现金。alternative二中择一；供替代的选择。substitute替代品，常跟介词for搭配。selection挑选；选择。preference偏爱；优先考虑。

2. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and
animals _____ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.

A. relieve

B. release

C. dismiss

D. discard

【答案】B

【解析】句意：作为对空气污染损害的防御，许多动植物释放一种物质来吸收有害化学物质。release释放；发行。relieve使缓解；解围。dismiss解雇。discard抛弃；放弃。

3. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of
everything _____ going on in the world.

A. it is

B. what is

C. there is

D. as is

【答案】C

【解析】句意：没有人会有时间去阅读或聆听世界上正在发生的一切。there
is结构作“目前有的”解时，可引导限定性定语从句，置于被修饰的名词后面，作该从句主语的关系代词that常常省略。

4. I cannot advise you what to do. You must
use your own _____.

A. opinion

B. justice

C. guesswork

D. judgment

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我无法建议你该怎么做。你需要自己判断。judgment判断力；辨别力。opinion意见；建议。justice公正；正义。guesswork猜测；臆测。

5. If any man here does not agree with me, he should _____ his own
plan for improving the living conditions of these people.

A. put on

B. put out

C. put in

D. put forward

【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果在座的任何人不同意我的看法，他就应该提出自己改善这些人生活条件的计划。put forward提出。put on穿上；戴上。put out扑灭。put in投入（时间、精力）；插嘴。

6. The news item about the fire is followed
a detailed report made _____.

A. on the spot

B. on the site

C. on the
location

D. on the ground

【答案】A

【解析】句意：在有关火灾的新闻报道之后，现场又做了详细的报道。on
the spot在（案件；新闻）现场。on
the site在工地（现场）。on
the location在……位置上。on
the ground在地面上。

7. The pollution question, as well as several other issues, is going
to be discussed when the congress is in _____ again next spring

A. assembly

B. session

C. conference

D. convention

【答案】B

【解析】句意：污染问题以及其他几个问题将在明年春天国会再次开会时讨论。in
session会期；开庭期。assembly集合；集会。conference会议；谈判。convention指政治上的会议。

8. Language, culture, and personality may be considered _____ of
each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.

A. indistinctly

B. separately

C. independently

D. irrelevantly

【答案】C

【解析】句意：语言、文化和个性可能被认为是相互独立的，但实际上是密切相关的。independently of独立于……之外；与……无关。irrelevantly不相干地；不切题的。indistinctly朦胧地；不明了的。separately单独地；个别地。

9. Your advice would be _____ valuable to
him, who is at present at his wit’s end.

A. exceedingly

B. excessively

C. extensively

D. exclusively

【答案】A

【解析】句意：你的建议对他而言格外珍贵，目前他已经黔驴技穷了。exceedingly格外地；非常地（程度）。excessively过量地（数量）。extensively广泛地（范围）。exclusively专有地；排他的。

10. The new secretary has written a remarkably _____ report only in
a few pages but with all the details.

A. precise

B. clear

C. concise

D. elaborate

【答案】C

【解析】句意：新任秘书只在几页内写了一篇非常简洁的报告，但附有所有细节。concise简明扼要的。precise准确的。clear清晰的；清楚的。elaborate缜密的；复杂的。根据句意可判断具体选词。

11. Whenever anything _____ happens, a crowd
of people is certain to gather.

A. noted

B. well-known

C. sensational

D. emotional

【答案】C

【解析】句意：无论发生什么耸人听闻的事情，一定会有一群人聚集在一起。sensational耸人听闻的。noted和well-known均是著名的意思。emotional情感上的；令人情绪激动的。

12. There
ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _____ in the public mind today.

A. exists

B. exist

C. existing

D. existed

【答案】A

【解析】句意：对于患癌症的感知风险应该比现在的公众头脑中存在的焦虑要少。than是连词，引导比较状语从句。省略的主语是anxiety，因此其后接动词的单数形式。

13. The reason why he adapted to the new situations
quickly is that he has a _____ attitude.

A. changeable

B. alternate

C. movable

D. flexible

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他可以很快地适应环境，是因为他态度灵活。flexible灵活的；可变通的。changeable无常的；易变的。alternate交替的；轮流的。movable动产的；可移动的。

14. We all knew from the very _____ that the plan would fail.

A. outcome

B. outset

C. outlet

D. output

【答案】B

【解析】句意：我们从一开始就知道计划会失败的。outset开始；开端。outcome结局。outlet出口；排放口。output产量；输出。

15. No
hazard, peril or hardship would
_____ the mountaineer from his
intention of reaching the summit.

A. deflate

B. defect

C. deter

D. dilate

【答案】C

【解析】句意：任何危险、危险或困难都不能阻止登山运动员达到顶峰。deter阻止。deflate缩小；放气。defect变节；叛变。dilate扩大；膨胀。

16. More international trends for business and
pleasure bring greater _____ to other societies.

A. exchange

B. exposure

C. expansion

D. contribution

【答案】D

【解析】句意：更多的国际商业和娱乐趋势为其他社会带来更大的贡献。contribution贡献。exchange交换；交易。exposure暴露；显露。expansion扩大。

17. Not
all persons arrested and _____ with a crime are guilty, and the main function
of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the
law.

A. sentenced

B. accused

C. persecuted

D. charged

【答案】D

【解析】句意：并不是所有被逮捕和指控的人都有罪，刑事法庭的主要作用是根据法律判定谁有罪。charge…with指控……。sentence宣判；判决。accuse…of控告；谴责。persecute迫害。

18. The author of the book has shown his remarkably
keen _____ into human nature.

A. intellect

B. perception

C. insight

D. understanding

【答案】C

【解析】句意：这本书的作者展示了他对人性的敏锐洞察力。insight into对……的洞察力。intellect智力；理解力；智力高的。perception与of搭配，意为“理解；看法”。understanding与of搭配，意为“理解”。

19. Telecommunication developments have enabled
people to send messages _____ television, radio,
and electronic mail.

A. via

B. amid

C. past

D. across

【答案】A

【解析】句意：电信的发展使人们能够通过电视、广播和电子邮件发送信息。via经由；经过（方式）。amid在其中；在其间。past经过（位置）。across表面穿过。

20. Even
at discounted prices, these powerful AIDS drugs are far
beyond _____ for most of the world’s 40
million HIV-infected people.

A. reach

B. control

C. comprehension

D. imagination

【答案】D

【解析】句意：即使以折扣价，这些强大的艾滋病药物对世界上4000万艾滋病毒感染者来说也远远超出想象。beyond
imagination超乎想象。beyond
reach够不着。beyond
control无法控制；超出控制。beyond
comprehension无法理解；不可思议。

21. Anyone
who can study abroad is fortunate, but, of course, it is not easy to make the _____ from one culture to another.

A. transaction

B. transportation

C. transmission

D. transition

【答案】D

【解析】句意：任何一个能够出国留学的人都是幸运的，但是，当然，要从一种文化过渡到另一种文化并不容易。transition转变；过渡。transaction交易；事物。transportation运输；运输系统。transmission播送；传送。

22. Anyone breaking the rules will be
asked to leave ______.

A. at the spot

B. for the spot

C. on the spot

D. in the spot

【答案】C

【解析】句意：任何人只要违反规定，当场就得离开。on the spot立刻；当场。其余搭配有误。

23. Those who _____ women’s
liberation movement continue to hope, and work, for a change.

A. consist in

B. indulge in

C. believe in

D. result in

【答案】C

【解析】句意：那些为妇女解放运动作出贡献的人继续希望并努力进行变革。believe in信仰；相信。consist in在于；存在于。indulge in沉迷于；沉溺于。result in导致。

24. Retail
sales volume in local urban and rural areas rose 57.8 per cent and 46.8 per cent, _____,
over May 2008.

A. individually

B. accordingly

C. correspondingly

D. respectively

【答案】D

【解析】句意：地方城乡零售额比2008年5月分别增长57.8%和46.8%。respectively分别；各自。individually个别；单独。accordingly因此；相应地。correspondingly相应地；相对地。

25. You
may never experience an earthquake or a volcanic eruption in your life, but you
will _____ changes in the land.

A. adapt

B. adopt

C. witness

D. define

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在你的生活中，你可能从未经历过地震或火山爆发，但你会看到土地的变化。witness目击。adapt适应于。adopt采取；收养。define解释；规定。

26. The _____ of lung cancer is particularly high among long-term heavy smokers,
especially chain smokers.

A. incident

B. accident

C. incidence

D. evidence

【答案】C

【解析】句意：肺癌的发病率在长期大量吸烟的人群中特别高，尤其是连续吸烟的人群。incidence发病率。incident事件。accident事故。evidence证据。

27. The four disrespectful sons began to feel worried about the ultimate _____ of the family’s property.

A. proposal

B. disposal

C. removal

D. salvation

【答案】B

【解析】句意：四个无礼的儿子开始担心家庭财产的最终处置。disposal处理；处置。proposal提议；建议。removal移走；挪开。salvation拯救；救助。

28. This
great project at the Three Gorges of Yangtze is expected to _____ twenty years to complete.

A. take

B. spend

C. consume

D. need

【答案】A

【解析】句意：这个在长江三峡的伟大工程预计需要20年的时间才能完成。take需要……时间；费时。spend花费。介词用in＋doing或on sth。consume消费；消耗；大吃大喝。need需要。

29. Finding out about these companies has become
easy for any one with internet
______.

A. entrance

B. admission

C. access

D. entry

【答案】C

【解析】句意：对于任何一个上网的人来说，了解这些公司都变得很容易。internet
access互联网接入。entrance入口。admission承认；加入许可。entry加入；准入。

30. The
following account by the author _____
the difference between European and
American reactions.

A. illustrates

B. acquires

C. demands

D. deletes

【答案】A

【解析】句意：下面作者的叙述说明了欧美反应的不同。illustrate解释；阐明。acquire取得。demand要求；需求。delete删除。

Ⅱ. Error Correction (20 scores)

Directions: In each of the following sentences there is
an error in it. Find out the
error and write the correct answer to each of them on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. Thirteen hundred medical professionals, all of which have been
trained to treat drug dependency, attended the annual convention sponsored
by a society.

A. Thirteen hundred

B. all of which

C. attended

D. sponsored

【答案】B

【解析】all of whom。非限制性定语从句修饰“医学专家”，先行词是人，用all of whom。

2. Perhaps surprisingly
the main obstacles to realizing this dream is neither technical nor commercial.

A. surprisingly

B. main

C. realizing

D. neither

【答案】C

【解析】realize。不定式符号to后跟动词原形。

3. When he speaks at banquets,
he makes a point of going into the kitchen and toshake hands with every
waiter and waitress.

A. at

B. makes

C. to shake

D. every

【答案】C

【解析】shaking。and连接句法结构相似的短语或句子，前面是going，后面要用shaking，同作of的宾语。

4. Other guests at
yesterday’s opening, which was broadcast alive by the
radio station, included the princess and her husband.

A. at

B. broadcast

C. alive

D. included

【答案】C

【解析】live。直播用的是live。alive意为“活着的；有生机的”。

5. The new technology has madepossible for the doctor to make
diagnoses without
seeing the patient in person.

A. made possible

B. make

C. without seeing

D. in person

【答案】A

【解析】made it possible。make it possible (for sb)to do意为“使……成为可能”。

6. The reason why I
love watching Jack surf is because he
is so graceful and beautiful
when he surfs.

A. why

B. watching

C. because

D. graceful

【答案】C

【解析】that。The
reason why…is that…是固定搭配。做某事的原因是……。

7. I
often wonder what
my life would be like if I didn’t go to
the beach that day when I was 15.

A. wonder

B. what

C. didn’t go

D. was

【答案】C

【解析】hadn’t gone。表示对过去发生事情的虚拟，从句助动词用hadn’t。

8. His recommendation that Air Force investigates the UFO sighting was approved by the commission and referred to the appropriate.

A. investigates

B. was

C. by

D. appropriate

【答案】A

【解析】should investigate。此名词性从句解释recommendation（提议），因此从句用虚拟语气。

9. This research program is financed
by two funds, the largest of which
could last for two years.

A. This

B. financed

C. the largest

D. for

【答案】C

【解析】the larger。两个基金的对比，故用比较级。

10. Many young consumers donot have steady incomes, so they might have difficulty to borrow money from an agency in business to makeloans.

A. do not have

B. so

C. to borrow

D. make loans

【答案】C

【解析】borrowing。have difficulty (in) doing sth意为“做某事有困难”。

Ⅲ. Cloze
Test (20 scores)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. Choose from the four options A, B, C, and D the most appropriate answer to each blank and write it
on the ANSWER SHEET.

For many people
today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read
letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to
mention newspapers and magazines; a never-ending flood of words. In (1)______ a job or advancing in one, the
ability to read and comprehend (2)______ can mean the difference between
success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3)______ readers.
Most of us develop poor reading (4)______ at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5)______ in the actual stuff of language
itself—words. Taken individually, words have (6)______ meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. (7)______, however, the untrained reader
does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often
regressing to (8)______ words
or passages. Regression, the
tendency to look back over (9)______ you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit
which (10)______ down the speed
of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11)______ reads. To overcome these bad
habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12)______, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined
speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate
(13)______ the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch” him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14)______ word-by-word reading, regression
and subvocalization, practically
impossible. At first, (15)______ is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16)______ your comprehension will improve.
Many people have found (17)______ reading skill dramatically improved after some training. (18)______ Charles
Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good
172 words a minute (19)______ the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20)______
a lot more reading materials in a short period of time.

1. A. applying

B. doing

C. offering

D. getting

2. A. quickly

B. easily

C. roughly

D. decidedly

3. A. good

B. curious

C. poor

D. urgent

4. A. training

B. habits

C. situations

D. custom

5. A. lies

B. combines

C. touches

D. involves

6. A. some

B. a lot

C. little

D. dull

7. A. Fortunately

B. In fact

C. Logically

D. Unfortunately

8. A. reuse

B. reread

C. rewrite

D. recite

9. A. what

B. which

C. that

D. if

10. A. scales

B. cuts

C. slows

D. measures

11. A. some one

B. one

C. he

D. reader

12. A. accelerator

B. actor

C. amplifier

D. observer

13. A. then

B. as

C. beyond

D. than

14. A. enabling

B. leading

C. making

D. indicating

15. A. meaning

B.
comprehension

C. gist

D. regression

16. A. but

B. nor

C. or

D. for

17. A. our

B. your

C. their

D. such

18. A. Look at

B. Take

C. Make

D. Consider

19. A. for

B. in

C. after

D. before

20. A. master

B. go over

C. present

D. get through

【答案与解析】

1.D  根据句意分析可知，是得到一份工作。apply和for连用意为“申请”，才能和工作搭配。

2.A  根据句意分析可知，快速阅读和理解的能力对成功还是失败有影响。

3.C  yet是转折连词，说明前后情况不同，所以是我们大多是阅读能力差的阅读者。

4.B  根据后文提示them，可知此处是可数名词的复数；根据句意分析，无法克服的是我们的习惯。

5.A  固定搭配，lie in在于。involve in…参与；涉及。

6.C  little是否定词，意为“几乎没有”。合乎逻辑。

7.D  此句意为“然而不幸的是未受训练的阅读者无法读懂句子。”logically合乎逻辑地。

8.B  此句意为“他吃力地一字一字地读，常常倒退着重读单词或段落。”

9.A  what作为连接代词，引导宾语从句。what意为“……的东西”。

10.C  slow down放缓速度。scale down按比例减少。cut down削减。

11.B  本段前文已经出现you，在此选one（泛指人们，我们，你）来代替you。some
one无此用法。如果用reader，前面应加定冠词。he不能与该段逻辑一致。

12.A  此句意为“训练快速阅读所使用的工具必然与提高阅读速度有关”，因此选accelerator (快读器)。actor演员。amplifier放大器。observer观察者。

13.D  前面的faster决定了应当选than，构成比较级。

14.C  此句意为“快速阅读器迫使你加快阅读速度，使你再也不能逐字阅读，回顾前文内容或者默读”。enable相当于making possible。lead引导。indicate指出；表明。都不合题意。只有making (使，使得)最合适。

15.B  这里的意思是“速读最初会影响理解”，所以选comprehension(理解力)。meaning意义，意思，指词或词组表示的意义。gist大意；要旨regression回顾。

16.A  与前半句中的not only相呼应，构成句式“不仅……，而且……”，只有选but，而nor，or或for均不能构成固定用法。

17.C  本句中的主语是第三人称复数，物主代词必然是their。

18.B  take与后面的for instance构成短语，意为：“以……例”，其他三项不能构成搭配。

19.D  这里提到受训之前与受训之后进行比较，因此选before。

20.D  此处意为：在较短时间内，读完众多的材料。master掌握。go over复习。present呈现，展现。此三项均不妥，只有get through (读完)最恰当。

Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension
(40 scores)

Directions: In this section there are four passages under which there are
totally 20 multiple choice
items. Write your answers corresponding to the
items on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

Beauty has always been regarded as something
praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are
happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable
occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs.
Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle,
beauty can become a liability.

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on
his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.

Handsome male executives were perceived as having more
integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for
their success.

Attractive female executives were considered to have less
integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability
but factors such as luck.

Why are
attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be
more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive
ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs,
but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack
the “masculine” qualities required.

This is true
even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men
and women differently,” says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the
effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate
students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in
order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of
candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the
order they would vote for them.

The result
showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women
who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.

1. The word “liability” (Para. 1) most
probably means _____.

A. misfortune

B. instability

C. disadvantage

D. burden

2. In traditionally female jobs,
attractiveness _____.

A. reinforces
the feminine qualities required

B. makes women
look more honest and capable

C. is of primary
importance to women

D. often enables
women to succeed quickly

3. Bowman’s experiment reveals that when it
comes to politics, attractiveness _____.

A. turns out to
be an obstacle to men

B. affects men
and women alike

C. has as little
effect on men as on women

D. is more of an
obstacle than a benefit to women

4. It can be inferred from the passage that
people’s views on beauty are often _____.

A. practical

B. prejudiced

C. old-fashioned

D. radical

5. The author writes this passage to _____.

A. discuss the
negative aspects of being attractive

B. give advice
to job-seekers who are attractive

C. demand equal
rights for women

D. emphasize the
importance of appearance

【答案与解析】

1.C  文章第一段最后一句提出“But
in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.”但在高管圈子里，美貌可能成为一种不利因素。前面所叙述的是个人吸引力的好处，but表示转折，说明意思相反。故选C。

2.D  文章倒数第三段第三句提出“Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female
jobs.”因此，一个有魅力的女人在传统的女性工作中有优势。由此可知，这些女性更快地获得成功。故选D。

3.D  文章最后一段提出“The result showed that
attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been
ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.”结果显示，有魅力的男性完全击败了没有魅力的男性，但那些被评为最有魅力的女性总是得到最少的选票。由此可知，对女性来说，富有魅力不是个有利因素，而是个阻碍。故选D。

4.B  总览全文可以得知，人们对美的评价因性别和工作领域而保持有固定的观点，也并无科学性而言，只是人的一种固定思维判断。由此可知，是带有偏见意识的。故选B。

5.A  文章第一段最后一句提出“But
in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.”但在高管圈子里，美貌可能成为一种不利因素。其后便讲述了人们对富有魅力的男人和女人在政治和高管行业中的看法，富有魅力反而成为政治和高管女性的一种不利因素。故选A。

Passage Two

As everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings.
Since these do not necessarily, nor even usually, take the place of the old
ones, we should picture this process as the analogy of a tree
throwing out new branches which themselves throw out subordinate branches. The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill
the old one but by no means always. We shall again and again find the earliest
senses of a word flourishing for centuries despite a vast overgrowth of later
senses which might be expected to kill them.

When a word has
several meanings historical circumstances often make one of them dominant during a
particular period. Thus “station” is now more likely to mean a rail way-station
than anything else; “speculation” more likely to bear its financial sense than any other. Until
this century “plane” had as its dominant meaning “a flat surface” or “a carpenter’s tool to
make a surface smooth”, but the meaning “an aeroplane” is dominant now. The
dominant sense of a word lies uppermost in our minds. Whenever we meet the
word, our natural impulse is to give it that sense. We are often deceived. In
an old author the word may mean something different.

One of my aims
is to make the reading of old books easy as far as certain words are concerned.
If we read an old poem with insufficient regard for the change of the
dictionary meanings of words we won’t be able to understand the poem the old
author intended. And to avoid this, knowledge is necessary.

We see good
words or good senses of words losing their edge or more rarely getting a new
edge that serves some different purpose. “Verbicide”（溢用词语者), the murder of a word,
happens in many ways. Inflation is the commonest: those who taught us to say
“awfully” for “very”, “tremendous” for “great”, and “unthinkable” for
“undesirable” were verbicides.

I should be glad
if I sent any reader away with a sense of responsibility to the language. It is
unnecessary to think we can do nothing about it. Our conversation will have
little effect, but if we get into print—perhaps especially if we are
leader-writers or reporters—we can help to strengthen or weaken some disastrous
word, can encourage a good and resist a bad Americanism. For many things the
press prints today will be taken up by a great mass of people in a few years.

1. In the first paragraph the author
believes ______.

A. only old
words take on new meanings

B. a tree throws
out new branches as the words pick up new meanings

C. words obtain
new meanings from time to time

D. it is
possible for the old words to lose their old senses

2. By mentioning the tree throwing out new
branches, the author hopes to _____.

A. stress the
natural phenomena

B. picture the
process of growth of new branched

C. explain what
the analogy is

D. illustrate
his view in a clearer way

3. We are often cheated by some words
because _____.

A. their
dominant meanings have not been determined

B. sometimes
they mean something different from their dominant meanings

C. our natural
impulse makes a mistake

D. the dominant
sense of a word is not accurate in our minds

4. In the author’s view, if someone taught
us to say “awfully” for “very”, _____.

A. we were
advised not to accept it

B. we were
getting a new edge for a different purpose

C. we say an
example of a good word being misused

D. we saw a word
serving for a different purpose

5. In the last paragraph, the author thinks
that _____.

A. we can do
nothing about it unless we get into print

B. we should
take responsibility to the language if necessary

C. our
conversation has little effect on the situation because we haven’t got into
print

D. a great mass of people will accept what the press prints so that
we can encourage the good and resist the bad

【答案与解析】

1. D  文章第一段第三句提出“The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill
the old one”指的是有些单词的新义比旧义使用更广泛，甚至失去从前的意义。与D项“有些单词可能会失去旧义”相符合。故选D。

2.D  文章第一段第二句提出“Since these do not necessarily, nor even
usually, take the place of the old ones, we should picture this process as the
analogy of a tree throwing out new branches which themselves throw out
subordinate branches.”因为这些并不一定，甚至通常也不会取代旧的，我们应该把这个过程想象成一棵树抛出新的枝杈而自己又抛出从属的枝杈。由此可知，作者引用这个比喻是想用更鲜明简单的表达方式让大家易于接受语言的这种现象。故选D。

3.B  文章第二段最后一句提出“In an old author the word may mean something different.”前面叙述的是因为在特定的时期内，每个单词有它的主要意思。我们每看到这些单词，这些意思就会先入为主，所以我们有时会被欺骗。一个老作家，他笔下的单词要表达的意思也许不是我们常规认知的单词意思。故选B。

4.C  文章倒数第二段第二句提出““Verbicide”（溢用词语者), the murder of a word, happens in many ways.”滥用词语者，是单词的罪魁祸首，这种现象经常发生。由此可知，后面举的例子是单词错用的范例。故选C。

5.D  文章最后一段最后两句提出“Our conversation will have little effect, but if we get into
print—perhaps especially if we are leader-writers or reporters—we can help to
strengthen or weaken some disastrous word, can encourage a good and resist a
bad Americanism. For many things the press prints today will be taken up by a
great mass of people in a few years.”我们的谈话不会产生什么影响，但如果我们开始印刷——尤其是如果我们是有影响力的作家或记者——我们可以帮助加强或削弱一些灾难性的词汇，可以鼓励好的美国主义词汇，抵制坏的词汇。在许多方面，今天的印刷在几年后将会被大量的人所接受。故选D。

Passage Three

In general, the ancient Romans were a practical people.
They cared less about philosophy and pure mathematics than did the Greeks. The Romans were the best of the ancient
engineers and architects. They were brilliant students of Greek geometry and
trigonometry, and they applied their knowledge to the construction
of fine bridges, roads, aqueducts, and public buildings.

They knew about the smelting of iron ore, but they used the
iron they produced mainly for spears, swords, and shields, rather than for
building construction.

While the Romans, accomplished practical wonders, they did
very little theoretical scientific thinking. Because of their frequent wars,
many of their inventions were no more than improvements in the design of Greek
weapons with which they were familiar.

There are two reasons for the Roman neglect of philosophy
and pure mathematics. First, they were apparently too busy conquering nearby
nations and forming them into a rapidly growing empire to waste much time on
abstract thinking. Secondly, they were handicapped by the rigidity of their
numerical system. (Try to multiply XI by LVII or to divide CXLIII by
IX; it simply cannot be done with pencil and paper.) The Romans did
all of their arithmetic on an abacus, the ancient counterpart of the modern
computing machine. Their numbers system discouraged the study of pure mathematics.

1. The author calls the
Romans “practical” because they
_____.

A. cared little about philosophy

B. saw the necessity for developing theoretical
sciences

C. applied their knowledge

D. studied the past and learned from it

2. According to the
selection, the Romans excelled in _____.

A. engineering and architecture

B. inventing

C. smelting iron

D. the art of war

3. Many Roman inventions were based on
Greek weapons because the _____.

A. Greeks had superior weapons

B. Greeks were involved in frequent wars

C. Romans were not familiar with many types of weapons

D. Greeks proved themselves inspired inventors

4. The selection says
that the Roman numerical system _____.

A. discouraged the study of mathematics

B. was too flexible

C. differed radically from that of the Greeks

D. was limited in scope

5. The author of this selection probably
wanted to explain why _____.

A. he considers the Romans a practical people

B. Roman architects and engineers were the best in
antiquity

C. theoretical thinking is necessary for the growth of a
nation

D. the Romans contributed little to philosophical thought

【答案与解析】

1.C  文章第一段最后一句提出“They were
brilliant students of Greek geometry and trigonometry, and they applied their
knowledge to the construction of fine bridges, roads, aqueducts,
and public buildings.”他们是希腊几何学和三角学的杰出学生，他们把他们的知识应用到建造精美的桥梁、道路、渡槽和公共建筑。由此可知，是因为他们应用了知识。故选C

2.A  文章第一段第三句提出“The Romans
were the best of the ancient engineers and architects.” 罗马人是古代最好的工程师和建筑师。由此可知，他们最擅长engineering and architecture。故选A。

3.C  文章第三段第二句提出“Because of
their frequent wars, many of their inventions were no more than improvements in
the design of Greek weapons with which they were familiar.”由于频繁的战争，他们的许多发明只不过是对他们熟悉的希腊武器设计的改进。由此可知，是因为罗马人对很多类型的武器并不熟悉。

4.A  文章最后一段最后一句提出“Their
numbers system discouraged the study of pure mathematics.”他们的数字系统阻碍了对纯数学的研究。故选A。

5.A  文章第一段第一句提出“In general,
the ancient Romans were a practical people.”一般来说，古罗马人是一个讲究实际的民族。接下来论述了罗马人的特长、冶炼矿石的用途，以及解释了忽视哲学思考的原因。由此可知，这个节选主要是为了解释为什么古罗马人是一个讲究实际的民族。故选A。

Passage Four

Every minute of
every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global “conveyor belt”
redistributes ocean organisms. It’s a planet-wide biological disruption that
scientists have barely begun to understand.

Dr. Carlton, an
oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass, explains that, at any
given moment, “there are several thousands (marine) species (traveling) … in
the ballast water of ships.” These creatures move from coastal waters where
they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear
that web apart, This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of
fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.

Such voracious
invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his
fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien
invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of
them probably just die out. Some benignly, or even beneficially, join the local
scene. But some will make trouble.

In one sense,
this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have
clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of
the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water, taken
in to provide ship stability, continuously moving around the world.

Ships load up
with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump
the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single
load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as
much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their
larva free-floating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into
crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.

Since the
problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal
waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is
flushed into mid-ocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North
American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating
ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before
any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer
view of what is going on.

The continuous
shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global
scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb
jellyfish that recently invades the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s
anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and
northern European waters.

The maritime
nations that created the biological “conveyor belt” should support a
coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should
be done about it

1. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean
organisms are _____.

A. being moved
to new environments

B. destroying
the planet

C. succumbing to
the zebra mussel

D. developing
alien characteristics

2. Oceanographers are concerned because
_____.

A. their
knowledge of this phenomenon is limited

B. they believe
the oceans are dying

C. they fear an
invasion from outer space

D. they have
identified thousands of alien webs

3. According to Marine ecologists,
transplanted marine species _____.

A. may upset the
ecosystems of coastal waters

B. are all
compatible with one another

C. can only
survive in their home waters

D. sometimes
disrupt shipping lanes

4. The identified cause of the problem is
_____.

A. the rapidity
with which larvae mature

B. a common
practice of the shipping industry

C. a centuries
old species

D. the worldwide
movement of ocean currents

5. The article suggests that a solution to
the problem _____.

A. is unlikely
to be identified

B. must precede
further research

C. is
hypothetically easy

D. will limit
global shipping

【答案与解析】

1.A  文章第一段第一句提出“Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a
global “conveyor belt” redistributes ocean organisms.”每一天的每一分钟，生态学家詹姆斯·卡尔顿(James
Carlton)所说的全球“传送带”都在重新分配海洋生物。由此可知，海洋生物正在进入新的环境中。故选A。

2.A  文章第三段第二句提出“What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack
of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal
waters around the world every day.”卡尔顿和他的海洋生态学伙伴们担心的是，他们对每天都在世界各地悄然进入沿海水域的数百种外来入侵者缺乏了解。由此可知，他们对这种现象缺乏了解。故选A。

3.A  文章第三段最后一句提出“But some will make trouble.”文章倒数第二段第一句提出“The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology
of the sea on a global scale.”海洋生物的不断变换在全球范围内改变了海洋生物学。由此可知，移植的海洋物种可能会破坏沿海水域的生态系统。故选A。

4.B  文章第四段第二句提出“Organisms have ridden ships for centuries.”在数个世纪来生物体一直随船前往各地。文章第五段第一句提出“Ships
load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port
and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away”，满载着压载水和一个港口的沿海水域生物体的船只，将压载水倾倒在几千公里以外的另一个港口。由此可知，船舶业的这种普遍做法是问题的一个确切原因。

5.C  文章倒数第三段第一句提出“Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast
dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it.”由于这个问题涉及到沿海物种，理论上，简单地禁止在沿海水域排放压舱物就能解决这个问题。由此可知，问题的解决办法理论上很容易。故选C。

Ⅴ. Translation (40
scores)

Direction: In this section there are two short passages, one is written in
Chinese and the other in English. You are required to have bilingual
translation. Please write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Part A. Translate the following short passage from English into Chinese.

Happiness lies
not in the mere possession of money, it lies in the joy of achievement, in the
thrill of creative effort. The joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must
be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days will be
worth all they cost us if they teach us that our true destiny is not to be
ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow men.

【参考译文】

幸福不仅仅在于拥有金钱，而且在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。在疯狂追逐转瞬即逝的利润时，决不该忘记劳动带来的喜悦和精神激励。如果这些黑暗的日子能告诉我们，我们真正的命运不是要别人服侍我们，而是要为我们自己和我们的同胞服务，那么我们付出的一切代价都是值得的。

Part B. Translate the following short passage from Chinese into English.

在17和18世纪，中国的艺术、建筑学以及哲学，在西方很受欣赏；除此之外，中国的丝绸、茶和瓷器在西方也倍受欢迎，并在一定程度上改变了西方人的生活。进入20世纪后期，西方人再一次转向中国文化。他们除了喜爱中国菜肴外，还学习汉语，尝试中医药，练习中国武术，观看功夫电影。

【参考译文】

In the 17th and
18th centuries, Chinese art, architecture and philosophy were well appreciated
in the west. In addition, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain are also popular in
the west and to some extent have changed western people’s life. In the late
20th century, westerners turned to Chinese culture again. Besides enjoying
Chinese food, they also learned Chinese, tried traditional Chinese medicine,
practiced Chinese martial arts and watched kung fu films.

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