南京师范大学综合英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 南京师范大学外国语学院《英语语言学基础知识与翻译》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

2. 南京师范大学外国语学院《英语文学基础知识与翻译》历年考研真题汇总

3. 全国名校英汉互译考研真题

4. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）

2. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

南京师范大学外国语学院《英语语言学基础知识与翻译》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

书籍目录

部分内容

2016年南京师范大学《837英语语言学基础知识与翻译》考研真题及详解

一、语言文学基础知识（90分）

Ⅰ. Explain the following terms with examples. (20%, 5 points for each)

1 synchronic study

【答案】A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time. When we study language at a particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any points in history. For example, a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language is successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.

2 polysemy

【答案】Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal, polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency. Historically polysemy can be understood as the growth and development or change in the meaning of words. For example, table has several meanings, including a kind of furniture, form, tabulation, etc.

3 illocutionary act

【答案】According to Austin’s model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act，illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention (conveying meaning in context; the intention of the speaker while speaking). It is the act performed in saying something. For example, in the sentence “I am thirsty”, the propositional meaning is what the utterance says about the speaker’s physical state. The illocutionary force is the effect the speaker wants the utterance to have on the listener. It may be intended as request for something to drink.

4 blend

【答案】Blend, also blending, is the term for portmanteau word. In morphology, a relatively unproductive process of word formation by which new words are formed from the beginning (usually the first phoneme or syllable) of one word and the ending (often the rhyme) of another, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. Examples of blends formed this way are English smog (formed from smoke and fog), brunch (breakfast and lunch). Blending is usually not considered part of I-Language.

Ⅱ. Answer the following questions. (30%, 10 points for each)

5 What is the difference between langue and parole?

【答案】

Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the particular realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individuals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.

Langue is relative stable and systematic, parole is subject to personal and situational constraints; langue is not spoken by an individual, parole is always a naturally occurring event. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech. What a linguist should do, according to Saussure, is to draw rules from a mass of confused facts, i.e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make them the subject of linguistics.

6 Use Searle’s notion of indirect speech act to explain the following exchange between A and B:

A: Let’s go to the football match tonight.

B: I have to prepare tomorrow’s presentation.

【答案】

A speech act which is performed indirectly is sometimes known as an indirect speech act. Indirect speech acts are often felt to be more polite ways of performing certain kinds of speech act, such as requests and refusals. According to Searle, when a speaker is using indirect language, he is performing two speech acts simultaneously: one is the primary speech act and the other is the second speech act. The primary one is the speaker’s goal of communication and the second one is the means by which he achieves his goal.

The utterance of A is a kind of invitation, which expresses that A wants to go to the football match tonight with B. But B doesn’t directly answer yes or no. B’s answer “I have to prepare tomorrow’s presentation”, the propositional meaning is what the utterance says about the speaker’s upcoming presentation. The illocutionary force is the effect A wants the utterance to have on B. That is B turns down A’s invitation.

7 What is Contrastive Analysis?

【答案】

Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. Contrastive analysis compares the forms and meanings across the two languages to spot the mismatches or differences.

Contrastive Analysis aims to compare languages (e.g., L1 and L2) in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation. The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be hard to learn. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer. Contrastive Analysis was associated in its early days with behaviorism and structuralism.

Ⅲ. Discuss and give comments on the following topics. (40%, 20 points for each)

8 arbitrariness of language

【答案】

(1) Arbitrariness is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. For example, it is unable to explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/.

(2) However, there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness. ①Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. You may object to this when you think of words with different degrees of onomatopoeia, namely, words that sound like the sounds they describe. But in English, totally different words are used to describe the sound. For example, bark in English and 汪汪in Chinese. ②Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. According to systemic functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. As we know, the order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequences of clauses and the real happenings. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words. E.g., there are two sentences. “He came in and sat down”. “He sat down and came in”. The first sentence means that the man came in first and then he sat down, but the second sentence means the opposite, perhaps he got into his wheelchair and propelled himself into the room. ③Arbitrary and Convention, convention means you have to say things in this way and you cannot change the expression any other way. For learners of a foreign language, it is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. That may be why when we are burying ourselves in memorizing idioms, we feel nothing of the arbitrariness of the language but are somewhat tortured by its conventionality.

9 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

【答案】

(1) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that our language will mould our view of the world and consequently, different languages may probably express their unique ways of understanding the world. The hypothesis has two important points, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the notion that similarity between language is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.

(2) Thus, two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed, a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory emphasizes the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of the hypothesis, however, is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture and thought, but the cross-culture differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative rather than categorical. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.

(3) Linguistic determinism, or the strong version, has been criticized for its excessive concern with surface structures of individual languages. In fact, all languages are fundamental of the same universal human character, including the lexical-semantic and syntactic components of language and all normal human beings are gifted with the same linguistic faculty and cognitive capacity. The flaws of that hypothesis can be revealed through the following analysis. ①Different grammatical structures do not mean that speakers of different languages differ in thinking logic or reasoning. ②Equivalent translation is always possible in spite of the fact that in practice there are hardly any people in perfect control of two genetically different languages. ③People who have good command of two genetic-unrelated languages do not have “double minds” or do not have to change their thinking logic when speaking foreign tongue.

二、翻译（60分）

Ⅳ. Translate the following into English.

10

“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”这句成语，摘自南宋文学家兼军事政治家范仲淹所著的“岳阳楼记”。

范仲淹少怀大志，想替国家做些工作，可是当他做参知政事的时候却因迭次奏请朝廷减轻赋税，整顿武备，选拔贤能，以及其他有利国计民生的建议，招受政敌的仇视。他们在宋仁宗帝前诽谤他，使他遭受贬谪，被迫离京，到遥远的地方邓州去做太守。同时他的好友滕子京也被贬到岳州做知州。

滕子京受到贬职，极为愤慨。范仲淹深恐他心境狭小，会惹出祸来，就想找个机会，规劝他要克制情感，小心谨慎，胸襟宽敞，免遭意外。

恰巧滕子京就职未久，由于他的才能，把岳州治得很好，人民都能安居乐业。滕子京觉得心境愉快，就想把陈旧的岳阳楼重新修建，扩大规模，恳请范仲淹写篇文章留作纪念。范仲淹抓住了这个好机会，在文章里暗暗规劝他。他指出：一个品格高尚的君子，不可因物而喜，和一般游山玩水的俗人一样；也不可因自己遭遇不幸而悲伤，和一般忧郁的诗人、被贬的官吏一样；而要以国事为重，处处想到国家和人民。因此他在这篇文章的末尾写道：

“唉！我所探索到的古人的心，与上述今日的游山玩水者和心境忧郁的诗人有所不同。高尚的人既不受环境的影响，也不受心境所左右。他若在厅堂庙宇供职，所关怀的应是人民的福利；虽与宫廷相隔山山水水，但仍关怀皇上的安危。所以他无论在职或在野，都满心忧虑。那么他什么时候才快乐呢？答案是：他应是先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。唉，如果没有这样的人，我还有谁可做朋友呢？”

【参考译文】

The idiom “To be the first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself!” is an excerpt from the Yueyang Pavilion written by Fan Zhongyan, a Chinese writer, strategist and statesman in Northern Song Dynasty.

Fan Zhongyan, with great ambition, wanted to do some work for the country. But when he was a political adviser, he was envied by his political enemies for repeatedly asking the court to reduce taxes, rectify military equipment, select talents and other suggestions which were beneficial to the national economy and people’s livelihood. They slandered him before Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, so that he was banished and forced to leave the capital and to be Taishou(similar to mayor in ancient China) of a remote place called Dengzhou. At the same time, his friend Teng Zijing was also demoted be Zhizhou(similar to mayor in ancient China) of Yuezhou.

Being demoted, Teng Zijing felt very indignant. Afraid that Teng’s narrow mind would make some troubles, Fan Zhongyan managed to find an opportunity to persuade him to control his feelings, be cautious and broad-minded , so as to avoid accidents.

It happened that although he was a new Zhizhou, Teng Zijing’s governance over Yuezhou is excellent, due to his talent. People there gained well-being. Teng Zijing felt delightful so he planned to rebuild the old Yueyang Pavilion to a larger one. He requested Fan Zhongyan to write an article to commemorate. Fan Zhongyan seized this opportunity and exhorted him tactfully in his article. He pointed out that a man of lofty mind are not supposed to be made happy by natural beauty like those common people who enjoy travelling in natural scenery, nor to be made sad by his own situation like those melancholic poets or demoted officials. Instead, a man of lofty mind is supposed to attach great importance to state affairs and think of the country and the people all the time. So he wrote in the end of the passage:

“Ah! I have tried to study the minds of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I motion above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high position at court, they concerned about the people, when they were in remote place, they concerned about their emperor. They worried when they got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happy? They would say: ‘To be the first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself!’ Oh, who else should I seek company with save them.”

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