首都师范大学823英语专业知识（英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 首都师范大学外国语学院《823英语专业知识（英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）》历年考研真题

2. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题

3. 全国名校英美文学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题

2. 罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

3. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）

4. 戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

5. 2026年英美文学考研题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】

首都师范大学外国语学院《823英语专业知识（英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）》历年考研真题AI讲解

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2007年首都师范大学824英语专业知识（英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）考研真题及详解

英美文学部分（50分）

Ⅰ. Give a brief
explanation to each of the following literary terms. (15 points)

1 Free verse

【答案】Free verse is a term describing various styles
of poetry that are written without using a strict rhyme scheme, but still
recognizable as poetry by virtue of complex patterns of one sort or another
that readers will perceive to be part of a coherent whole. Walt Whitman is a
representative who employed free verse successfully.

2 Plot

【答案】In literature, a plot is all the events in a
story particularly rendered towards the achievement of some particular artistic
or emotional effect. In other words, it’s what mostly happened in the story or
novel or what the story’s general theme is based on, such as the mood,
characters, setting, and conflicts occurring in a story.

3 Tragedy

【答案】A tragedy is a story that presents courageous
individuals who confront powerful forces within or outside themselves with a
dignity that reveals the breadth and depth of the human spirit in the face of
failure, defeat, and even death. Tragedies recount an individual’s downfall;
they usually begin high and end low. Shakespeare is known for his tragedies,
including Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, and Hamlet.

4 “Stream of
Consciousness” novel

【答案】A “stream of consciousness” novel attempts to
depict the flow of inner experience of the characters. Those novels break
through the bounds of time and space, and mingle the thoughts, feelings, and
sense impressions of characters at a specific time. Famous “stream
of consciousness” novelists include James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and William
Faulkner.

5 Imagism

【答案】Imagism is a poetic movement that flourished in
the U.S. and Britain between 1909 and 1917. The movement was led by the
American poets Ezra Pound and, later, Amy Lowell. The imagist poets placed
stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject
matter and form and the use of colloquial language. Notable collections of
imagist poetry are Des Imagistes: An Anthology, compiled by Pound, and the
three anthologies compiled by Amy Lowell, all under the title Some Imagist
Poets.

Ⅱ. Choose the right
answer to complete each of the statement below. (10 points)

1 The King James
Bible _____.

A. was written by King James Ⅰ

B. was directed by James Ⅰ

C. was translated under the order of James Ⅰ

D. was translated by King James Ⅰ

【答案】C

【解析】《钦定本圣经》是在詹姆士一世的命令下翻译的，对英语文学产生了重要的影响，还被认为是现代英语的基石。

2 In his novel,
Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the _____.

A. aristocratic class

B. enterprising landlords

C. rising bourgeoisie

D. hard-working people

【答案】C

【解析】在《鲁宾逊漂流记》中，笛福把鲁宾逊颂扬为一个新兴资产阶级的英雄。

3 Best known for his
masterpiece The Faerie Queene, _____ is regarded as the “poet’s poet”.

A. John Donne

B. William Shakespeare

C. Edmund Spenser

D. Philip Sidney

【答案】C

【解析】《仙后》的作者斯宾塞被誉为“诗人中的诗人”以及“诗人之王”。

4 Which of the
following is not written by John Milton?

A. Lycidas

B. Paradise Lost

C. Areopagitica

D. The New Atlantis

【答案】D

【解析】The New Atlantis（《新亚特兰蒂斯》或《新大西岛》）的作者是Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根），其余选项都是弥尔顿的作品。

5 Tess of the
D’Urbervilles is a novel written by _____.

A. Thomas Hardy

B. Charles Dickens

C. D.H. Lawrence

D. George Eliot

【答案】A

【解析】《德伯家的苔丝》作者是托马斯·哈代。

6 Which of the following novels is a good
illustration of the “Roaring 20s” and hence serves as a “cultural-history
allegory” for the America?

A. Farewell to Arms

B. The Great Gatsby

C. A Lost Lady

D. The Portrait of a Young Lady

【答案】B

【解析】《了不起的盖茨比》既反映了20世纪20年代美国的精神面貌，也是关于美国的一种文化——历史性的寓言。

7 Among the following
writers, _____ is best known for his sensitive depiction of the American
small-town life.

A. Henry James

B. Sherwood Anderson

C. Stephen Crane

D. Ernest Hemingway

【答案】B

【解析】舍伍德·安德森擅长描写美国小镇的生活。

8 Which of the
following is not written by William Faulkner?

A. The Sound and the Fury

B. For Whom the Bell Tolls

C. Light in August

D. Hamlet

【答案】B

【解析】《丧钟为谁鸣》的作者是海明威。选项D《村子》是福克纳的斯诺普斯三部曲的第一部。

9 The Waste Land
is one of the most important poems in the 20th century. It is a masterpiece of _____.

A. T.E. Hulme

B. Wallace Stevens

C. Ezra Pound

D. T.S. Eliot

【答案】D

【解析】《荒原》是艾略特的代表作。

10 Which of the
following statements is not correct?

A. Long Day’s Journey into Night is an
autobiographical play written by Eugene O’Neill.

B. Moby Dick is a great sea novel written by
Nathaniel Hawthorne.

C. Willa Cather in her life wrote against the
loss of traditional values in the process of industrialization and
urbanization.

D. Edgar Allan Poe’s Murder in the Rue Morgue is
perhaps the ancestor of the genre of the detective story.

【答案】B

【解析】《白鲸》（或译《莫比·狄克》）的作者是Herman Melville（梅尔维尔）。

Ⅲ. Read the following
excerpts and answer the questions. (15 points)

1 “…What were the use of my creation, if I
were entirely contained here? My great miseries in this world have been
Heathcliff’s miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning; my great
thought in living is himself. If all else is perished, and he remained, I shall
still continue to be; and all else remained, and he was annihilated, the
universe would turn to a mighty stranger; I should not seem part of it….”

a. This passage is
taken from the novel entitled _____. It is written by _____. (2 points)

b. Here the speaker “I”
is the character named _____. (1 point)

c. Make a brief comment
on the character’s philosophy of love. (3 points)

【答案】

a. Wuthering Heights;
Emily Brontë

b. Catherine Earnshaw

c. Catherine’s love for Linton is like the
foliage in the woods. Time will change it. Her love for Heathcliff resembles
the eternal rocks beneath. She once said: “Whatever our souls are made of, his
and mine are the same, and Linton’s is as different as a moonbeam from
lightning, or frost from fire.” Her love for Heathcliff is extremely strong,
but she marries Linton instead. It is her wrong doing that plunges the two
families into misery, violence and despair.

2

a. This is the last
stanza of the poem “The Solitary Reaper” written by romantic poet _____. (1
point)

b. How would you
interpret the significance of the “song” in the speaker’s mind? (3 points)

【答案】

a. William Wordsworth

b. The Solitary Reaper describes a nameless
listener’s delight in a young woman’s melancholy song in an unknown language
as, working by herself in a Scottish valley, she swings a sickle, reaping
grain. Her song springs directly from nature, without literary context. Her
“music” runs like water (“overflowing” the valley) and surpasses the beauty of
two celebrated English song-birds, the nightingale and the cuckoo. The listener
does not understand why she sings in melancholy, but he is lost in the beauty
and the emotion of the song.

3

This is a stanza taken
from the poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”.

a. Tell the name of the
poet who wrote it. (1 point)

b. The speaker here is attracted by the
beautiful view of nature on a snowy evening. But he says “I have promises to
keep”. What is your understanding of the metaphor of “promises to keep”? (4
points)

【答案】

a. Robert Frost

b. “I have promises to keep” shows the speaker’s
feeling of strong responsibility. Though he is attracted by the beautiful view
of nature on the snowy evening, he is aware that he has to go on with his
journey. He still has a lot of things to do. It stresses the conflict between
the speaker’s enjoyment of the nature’s beauty and his responsibility as a man
in society.

Ⅳ. Jane Austen was once blamed for not having
written about the battle of Waterloo, the French Revolution, or the Industrial
Revolution, but about what she knew and understood best. Write a short essay
(about 150 words) commenting on the criticism. (10 points)

【答案】As we all know, a work of art is born of the
union of the artist’s experience and imagination. So for the artist the first
important thing is to choose themes within the range of his or her experience.
There is no denying that Jane Austen does write within a narrow sphere. Such
narrowness apparently comes from the writer’s own limited experience and
knowledge, and yet, by writing within the small area of her experience allows a
closer analysis of characters and recurring situations; the writer can deal
with them with absolute accuracy and sureness by never stepping beyond the
limits of her knowledge. It is no exaggeration to say that within her limited
sphere, Jane Austen is unequaled. She shows a human being not at a moment of
crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. It doesn’t mean
that this is less fundamental in the study of human nature. A picnic in the
woods shows up selfishness, kindness, vanity and sincerity as much as a battle
on the front. It is very silly to criticize Austen for not writing about the
Battle of the Waterloo and French Revolution.

【解析】本题考查对奥斯汀小说主题的评价。奥斯汀关注普通人的婚姻、爱情和邻里关系，其主题比较狭窄，但这丝毫不影响其作品的艺术性，因为日常生活同样反映人性，而且主题的狭窄反而使她更能在自己熟悉的领域里细致入微地描写人物。因此题中对她的批评是片面的。

英美概况部分（50分）

Ⅰ. Choose the correct
answer in each of the following questions. (40 points)

1 Abraham Lincoln died
at the age of 56. In which of the following years was he born?

A. 1809

B. 1814

C. 1819

D. 1824

【答案】A

【解析】林肯出生于1809年。

2 “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know
not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me
death!”

From which of the following speakers is the above statement
quoted?

A. Winston Churchill

B. Abraham Lincoln

C. Patrick Henry

D. George Washington

【答案】C

【解析】出自帕特里克·亨利《不自由毋宁死》。

3 Which of the
following families produced a large number of scientists and writers?

A. Rockefeller family

B. Russell family

C. James family

D. Huxley family

【答案】D

【解析】汤玛斯·赫胥黎是支持进化论的生物学家，奥尔德斯·赫胥黎作家，代表作《美丽新世界》，朱利安·赫胥黎，生物学家，第一届联合国教科文组织首长，安德鲁·赫胥黎1963诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者。

4 Which of the
following names is NOT mentioned in the Bible?

A. James

B. George

C. Peter

D. Matthew

【答案】B

【解析】圣乔治是英格兰守护神，传说中杀死一条龙，但没出现在圣经中。

5 Which of the
following Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom held the post longer than any
others?

A. James Ramsay MacDonald

B. Winston Churchill

C. Margaret Thatcher

D. Tony Blair

【答案】C

【解析】撒切尔竞选连任成功。

6 Which of the following is the year when the
Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United
States, was adopted?

A. 1776

B. 1791

C. 1863

D. 1963

【答案】B

【解析】《人权宣言》于1792年写入美国宪法。

7 Which of the
following names of kings is often followed by “the Great”？

A. Alfred

B. William Ⅰ

C. Henry Ⅰ

D. Richard Ⅰ

【答案】A

【解析】阿尔弗雷德大帝、征服者威廉、狮心理查德，和儒王亨一。

8 Which of the
following groups of names of US presidents is arranged in a correct sequence?

A. Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe

B. Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Monroe, Madison

C. Washington, Madison, Jefferson, Adams, Monroe

D. Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Monroe, Madison

【答案】A

【解析】顺序是华盛顿、亚当斯、杰斐逊、麦迪逊和门罗总统。

9 Which of the
following did NOT fight in any wars as a military commander before becoming US
president?

A. Ulysses S. Grant

B. Theodore Roosevelt

C.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

D.
Dwight D. Eisenhower

【答案】C

【解析】富兰克林·罗斯福上任前服过军役，没指挥过战争。

10 During which of the
following wars “The Star-Spangled Banner” was written?

A. The Revolutionary War

B. The War of 1812

C. The Civil War

D. The Spanish-American War

【答案】B

【解析】在1812年“火烧华盛顿”和“亚历山大港突袭”后弗兰西斯·奇写下“星条旗永不落”，1916年定为美国国歌。

11 Which of the
following Houses did Richard Ⅲ belong to?

A. The House of York

B. The House of Tudor

C. The House of Stuart

D. The House of Lancaster

【答案】A

【解析】理查德三世是约克郡公爵。

12 Which of the
following peoples were the ancestors of the Welsh?

A. The Anglo-Saxons

B. The Romans

C. The Danes

D. The Celts

【答案】D

【解析】凯尔特人是威尔士、苏格兰高地和爱尔兰人的祖先。

13 Which of the
following decades in the history of US is called “The Jazz Age”?

A. The 1920s

B. The 1930s

C. The 1950s

D. The 1960s

【答案】A

【解析】1920年，一战后，被称为“爵士年代”。

14 In which of the
following centuries England became a Protestant country?

A. The 14^th century

B. The 15^th century

C. The 16^th century

D. The 17^th century

【答案】C

【解析】1534年亨利八世确立英国国教。

15 Which of the
following events did NOT take place in the Middle Ages?

A. The Norman Conquest

B. The Hundred Years’ War

C. The defeat of the Armada

D. The Crusades

【答案】C

【解析】西班牙无敌舰队“阿曼达”于1588年伊丽莎白一世，英国资产阶级萌芽时期被打败。

16 Which of the
following was the most famous of the English Crusaders?

A. King Arthur

B. Richard Ⅰ

C. King John

D. Edward Ⅲ

【答案】B

【解析】狮心理查德以其在十字军东征时的勇猛留名后世。

17 Which of the
following monarchs had the longest reign in British history?

A. Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ

B. George Ⅲ

C. Queen Victoria

D. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ

【答案】D

【解析】伊丽莎白二世，英国在位时间最长君主，迄今已有66年。

18 How many states
were there at the time of independence of the United States?

A. 13

B. 18

C. 35

D. 48

【答案】A

【解析】美国刚独立时有13个州，阿拉巴马、阿拉斯加、亚利桑那、阿肯色、加利福利亚、科罗拉多、康涅狄格、特拉华、哥伦比亚、弗罗里达、佐治亚、夏威夷和爱达荷州。

19 Which of the
following was the last continental state added to the Union?

A. Kentucky

B. Arizona

C. Oregon

D. Alaska

【答案】D

【解析】1959年1月阿拉斯加成为美国第49个州。

20 Which part of the
US resembles old England in many ways?

A. The South

B. New England

C. The West

D. Mid-Atlantic states

【答案】B

【解析】新英格兰位于美国东北部，由于建筑风格、生活习惯、人文环境与欧洲接近故称为新英格兰。

21 Which of the
following is the man whose teachings developed into Puritanism?

A. Martin Luther

B. John Calvin

C. Thomas More

D. John Milton

【答案】B

【解析】清教徒信仰加尔文教。

22 Which of the
following is NOT a character in Greek Mythology?

A. Pygmalion

B. Prometheus

C. Oedipus

D. Delilah

【答案】D

【解析】戴丽拉出自圣经·旧约。

23 Who was the first
US President resigned from office?

A. Andrew Johnson

B. Richard Nixon

C. Gerald Ford

D. Jimmy Carter

【答案】B

【解析】尼克松总统由于水门事件成为美国历史上第一个主动辞职的总统。

24 In Greek mythology,
which of the following functioned as the god of the wine?

A. Apollo

B. Hermes

C. Poseidon

D. Dionysus

【答案】D

【解析】狄奥尼索斯是古希腊葡萄酒之神。

25 Which of the following is the British
historian who believes that the failure of a civilization to survive was the
result of its inability to respond to moral and religious challenges, rather
than to physical or environmental challenges?

A. Arnold Joseph Toynbee

B. Samuel P. Huntington

C. Joseph Needham

D. Edward Gibbon

【答案】A

【解析】汤因比的“挑战和应战”理论认为文明兴衰的基本原因是一个文明能否成功的应对挑战。

26 In Greek mythology,
which of the following was the best Greek warrior in the Trojan War?

A. Odysseus

B. Ajax

C. Achilles

D. Hector

【答案】C

【解析】阿喀琉斯是特洛伊战场上战无不胜、所向披靡的战士。

27 Which of the
following came to the throne after King Richard Ⅲ was killed in the Battle of
Bosworth Field?

A. Henry Ⅶ

B. James Ⅱ

C. Charles Ⅰ

D. Edward Ⅳ

【答案】A

【解析】理查德三世死后，由兰卡斯特的亨利七世和约克的玛格丽特结婚开启了都铎王朝。

28 Which of the
following have their church headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah?

A. Puritans

B. Mormons

C. Baptists

D. Friends

【答案】B

【解析】犹他州的盐湖城是摩门教的总部所在地。

29 How many terms was
Franklin Roosevelt elected for?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

【答案】D

【解析】由于二战的缘故，富兰克林·罗斯福连任了四次。

30 How many seats does
the House of Representatives of the Congress of the Unites States have?

A. 100

B. 345

C. 435

D. 534

【答案】C

【解析】美国众议院共有435个席位，参议院100个。

31 Which of the
following influenced the Founding Fathers by his theory of division of powers?

A. John Lock

B. Benjamin Franklin

C. Montesquieu

D. Thomas Paine

【答案】C

【解析】孟德斯鸠分权论。

32 Which of the
following places is NOT mentioned in the Bible?

A. Canaan

B. Bethlehem

C. Jerusalem

D. Ithaca

【答案】D

【解析】伊萨卡岛是古希腊神话中出现的主要岛屿之一。

33 In which of the
following languages was most of the Old Testament written?

A. Hebrew

B. Aramaic

C. Greek

D. Latin

【答案】A

【解析】旧约主要用希伯来语。

34 Which of the
following characters is NOT mentioned in the Old Testament?

A. Abraham

B. Moses

C. Samson

D. John the Baptist

【答案】D

【解析】施洗约翰出现在马可福音、马太福音、路克福音等新约中。

35 Which of the
following is the largest single religious group in the United States?

A. Roman Catholics

B. The Jews

C. Protestants

D. Baptists

【答案】C

【解析】美国各派新教教徒占总体的25%，其次罗马天主教19%。

36 Which of the
following was a British philosopher, economist, and jurist, who founded the
doctrine of utilitarianism?

A. David Ricardo

B. Adam Smith

C. Thomas Robert Malthus

D. Jeremy Bentham

【答案】D

【解析】杰里米·边沁，功利主义创始人。

37 Which of the
following was the commander in chief of the Confederate army in the American
Civil War?

A. Robert Edward Lee

B. Ulysses S. Grant

C. Thomas J. Jackson

D. William Tecumseh Sherman

【答案】A

【解析】罗伯特·李，美国内战时期南部同盟军总司令。

38 Which of the following is the author whose
works strongly influenced Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of
Independence?

A. Thomas More

B. Thomas Hobbes

C. John Locke

D. David Hume

【答案】C

【解析】天赋人权理论来源于洛克。

39 Which of the
following monarchs was forced to agree to a settlement in 1215 that became
known as Magna Carta?

A. Charles Ⅰ

B. Richard Ⅰ

C. King John

D. Richard Ⅱ

【答案】C

【解析】约翰王1215年在各封建贵族的压力下签订《大宪章》。

40 Which of the
following is NOT the name of an American?

A. Louis Armstrong

B. John Lennon

C. Michael Jackson

D. Elvis Presley

【答案】B

【解析】披头士成员，约翰·列侬是英国人。

Ⅱ. Fill in the following
blanks with appropriate words or expressions. (10 points)

1 (1) _____ is a festival that takes place on
October 31. In the United States, children wear costumes on the day and go (2)
_____ -or- (3) _____. Many carve jack-o’-lanterns out of (4) _____.

【答案】Halloween; trick; treat; pumpkin

【解析】万圣节是美国传统节日，每年11月1日举行，万圣节前夜，儿童会变装打扮挨家挨户“不给糖果就捣蛋”，每年这时都会做南瓜灯。

2 The United States system of government is
based on a set of (5) _____ and (6) _____, designed to prevent one person or
branch of government from becoming too powerful.

【答案】check; balance

【解析】美国政府利用权利与制衡原则防止内部腐败。

3 (7) _____ is an ancient monument on the
Salisbury Plain, southwestern England. It consists of a group of huge rough-cut
stones set in circles.

【答案】Stonehenge

【解析】巨石阵位于英国西南部索尔兹伯里平原，由一组巨石围成环形组成。

4 (8) _____ was the most important event of
President Thomas Jefferson’s first Administration. In this transaction, the
United States bought 2,144,476 square kilometers of land from France for about
$15 million.

【答案】Louisianan Purchase

【解析】托马斯·杰斐逊在任期间向法国购买了2,144,476平方米的土地，使当时的美国土地面积翻了一倍。

5 On August 28, 1963, over 200,000 Americans,
including many whites, gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in the capital. At the
rally, (9) _____ gave his stirring “(10) _____” speech, eloquently defined the
moral basis of the civil rights movement.

【答案】Martin Luther King; I Have a Dream

【解析】1963年8月28日，马丁路德金在林肯纪念堂前发表了著名演讲“我有一个梦想”。

6 Wars of the (11) _____ were a series of
dynastic civil wars in England fought by the rival houses of (12) _____ and
(13) _____ between 1455 and 1485.

【答案】Roses; York; Lancaster

【解析】1455至1485年期间，约克家族和兰卡斯特家族打了著名的“玫瑰战役”。

7 The first Catholic
President in the United States was (14) _____.

【答案】J. F. Kennedy

【解析】肯尼迪是美国史上第一位天主教教徒总统，剩下都是基督徒。

8 (15) _____ are members of a Christian church
called the Society of (16) _____ that believe in simple manners and clothes and
simple religious services.

【答案】Quakers; Friends

【解析】贵格会又名教友派，公谊会，没有成文的圣经、教义，一开始也没有牧师、圣礼和节日，信仰直接依靠圣灵的启示。

9 (17) _____ is the patron saint of England.
The best-known legend tells how he slew a (18) _____ with a lance, thus saving
the king’s daughter who was being sacrificed to the monster.

【答案】St. George; dragon

【解析】圣乔治是英格兰守护神，传说中他为了解救被恶龙要求当作祭品的美丽少女，杀死了恶龙，救下了少女。

10 During the Hundred Years’ War between
England and France, English Bowmen defeated the heavily armed French knights in
title famous battles of (19) _____ and (20) _____.

【答案】Crecy; Agincourt

【解析】英法百年战争中，科雷西战役和阿金库尔战役均以英国使用弓箭手取得胜利而闻名。

语言学部分（50分）

Ⅰ. Define the following
terms used in linguistics (30 points)

1) Match the terms
with their definitions. (10 points)

【答案与解析】

①C  语音学是对语音的发生、传递和感知的研究。

②G  语义特征，也称“语义成分”，是比词的意义更小的意义单位。

③E 
会话含义是一种暗含意义，可以在合作原则及其准则的指导下，在词语的常规意义基础上，联系语境推导出来。

④F 
语域是因用途不同产生的语言变体，同一个使用者可能会因场合不同，需要用不同的语言表达相同或相近的意思。

⑤A  洋泾浜语是由不同语言混合而成的一种特殊的语言变体。

2) Give short definitions to the
following terms in English. (20 points)

①synchronic
study of language

【答案】A synchronic study of language describes a
language at some point of time in history.

②design
features

【答案】Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that
distinguish it from nay animal system of communication.

③phoneme

【答案】A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of
distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, which is not any particular sound,
but rather is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic
context.

④morpheme

【答案】Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the
relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into
further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,
whether it is lexical or grammatical.

⑤polysemy

【答案】Polysemy means a word that has two or more closely related meanings.
Words of this kind are called polysemic or polysemous words.

⑥pragmatics

【答案】Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences
to effect successful communication.

⑦utterance

【答案】Utterance is commonly defined as a sequence of words within a single
person’s turn at talk that falls under a single intonation contour.

⑧move α

【答案】Move α is a general rule for all the movement rules, where ‘alpha’
is a cover term for any element that can be moved from one place to another.

⑨speech
community

【答案】A speech community is defined as a group of people who form a
community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.

⑩connotative
meaning

【答案】Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what language
refers to.

Ⅱ. Respond to the following terms with necessary
background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding
of these terms. (20 points)

1) Second Language
Acquisition (5 points)

【答案】Second language acquisition (SLA) is a general
term. It refers to the acquisition of a second language (L2), in contrast with
first language acquisition (FLA). SLA is also used as a general term to refer
to the acquisition of a foreign or subsequent language (such as a third or
fourth language). Thus, SLA is a primarily the study of how learners acquire or
learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language
(L1).

2) relation of LI and
L2 learning and research (5 points)

【答案】Theoretically the new findings and advances in
first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process
are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques
used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide
insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. For
example, we started to learn our native language from listening, then speaking.

3) Contrastive Analysis
(5 points)

【答案】Contrastive Analysis is a hypothesis which holds
that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur; where they
are different, negative transfer, or interference, would result. The strong
version involves predicting errors in second language learning based upon an a
priori contrastive analysis of the L1 and L2. The weak version of a contrastive
analysis is that there exist learner errors.

4) interlanguage (5
points)

【答案】The type of language constructed by second or
foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language
is often referred to as interlanguage. As the name signals, interlanguage is a
language system between the target language and the leaner’s native language.
It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere
translation from the learner’s native language.

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