长沙理工大学708基础英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 长沙理工大学外国语学院《708基础英语》历年考研真题汇总

2. 全国名校基础英语考研真题

考研指导书

1. 何兆熊《综合教程（1）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

2. 何兆熊《综合教程（2）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

3. 何兆熊《综合教程（3）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

4. 何兆熊《综合教程（4）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

5. 杨立民《现代大学英语精读（1）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

6. 杨立民《现代大学英语精读（2）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

7. 张汉熙《高级英语（1）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

8. 张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

长沙理工大学外国语学院《708基础英语》历年考研真题汇总

书籍目录

部分内容

2015年长沙理工大学外国语学院708基础英语考研真题

Ⅰ. GRAMMAR
(20 points, 1 point each)

Direction: In
this section, there are 20 sentences each with one word or phrase missing. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and D that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.

1. As far as we know, in this matter Jim seems _____.

A. to be in no
way to blame

B. to in no way be
to be blamed

C. to be to blame in no way

D. to be blamed in no way

2. _____, he might have
retired before the end.

A. Didn’t he enjoy the concert

B. Has he not enjoyed the concert

C. Were he not enjoy the concert

D. Had he not enjoyed the concert

3. I don’t see how you
can stop your daughter _____, she is lawfully old enough to get married.

A. once

B. thus

C. yet

D. since

4. A long line of
traffic _____ at the level crossing until the train had passed.

A. would have waited

B. had to wait

C. must have waited

D. should have waited

5. The developing countries are the richly
mineralized districts in the world _____ the developed countries are the
districts which are short of minerals.

A anyway

B. nevertheless

C. while

D. instead

6. Jane rented _____ novels
from the circulating library yesterday afternoon.

A. two interesting American

B. two American interesting

C. interesting two American

D. American two interesting

7. The manager _____ his
suitcase in which there is plenty of cash yet, for he is not sure where he left
it behind.

A. had not found

B. has not found

C. did not find

D. cannot find

8. The minister didn’t
show any interest in the democratic reforms _____.

A. all in all

B. after all

C. not at all

D. at all

9. I regret _____ a
present to my friend when he got married last month.

A. to have not made

B. not making

C. not having made

D. having not made

10. I haven’t seen her _____.

A. since long

B. long since

C. long ago

D. long before

11. Why _____ this way?
_____ to meet him?

A. are you walking / Do you want

B. do you walk / Do you want

C. do you walk. / Are you wanting

D. are you walking / Did you want

12. Art critics
insisted he _____ an illustrator rather than an artist.

A. be

B. would be

C. should be

D. was

13. “Did the audience
participate in the play?”

“Yes, those actors _____ to involve the audience.”

A. whom it was the function

B. of whom the function was

C. whose function it was

D. whose were the function

14. “Will a bus stop
here soon?” “No, _____.”

A. ten minutes ago one just went by

B. one just went by ten minutes ago

C. ten minutes ago just one went by

D. just one went by ten minutes ago

15. It was ______ cold
winter night. _____ moon was shining brightly across ____
night sky.

A. the/The/the

B. a / The / the

C. a/The/a

D. a/A/the

16. The man under a big
tree over there is _____.

A. no other but

B. none other than

C. none other but

D. no one than

17. He did not turn up.
No more _____.

A. did his brother

B. his brother did

C. did not his brother

D. his brother did too

18. The millions of calculations involved, had
they been done by hand, _____ all practical value by the time they were
finished.

A. could lose

B. would have lost

C. might lose

D. ought to have lost

19. The lady over there
is _____.

A. Jane and Mary mother

B. Jane and Mary’s mother

C. Jane’s and Mary’s mother

D. Jane’s and Mary mother

20. Not even a word
_____ concerning these important matters.

A. he mentioned

B. he mentions

C. did he mention

D. he does mention

Ⅱ. VOCABULARY (30 points, 1 point each)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences each
with one word or phrase underlined Choose one of the four choices marked A, B,
C, and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the
corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.

1. Intermittent showers were forecast for the day.

A. Heavy

B. Recurrent

C. All-day

D. Instantaneous

2. The saucy child protruded his tongue.

A. propelled

B. showed

C. projected

D. hurt

3. Mary’s impromptu speech given at the
state competition won her first prize.

A. extemporaneous

B. well-prepared

C. eloquent

D. carefully-designed

4. His loud voice drowned what the girl was
trying to tell us.

A. undulated

B. surprised

C. inundated

D. overturned

5. We adorned our room with new rugs, lamps
and pictures.

A. embroidered

B. embellished

C. furnished

D. addressed

6. I am
glad to hear about the young man’s good convalescence.

A. personality

B. response

C. temper

D. recovery

7. When the woman assembles and brings all these
books, she musters them.

A. barters

B. takes

C. gathers

D. counts

8. It
is now generally assumed that the planets were formed by the accretion
of gas and dust in a cosmic cloud.

A. separation

B. motion

C. progression

D. accumulation

9. Ghost stories are vestiges of a
widespread belief in ghosts.

A. legends

B. remnants

C. residences

D. reflections

10. The
process of respiration consists of two independent actions, inhaling and exhaling.

A. speaking

B. marketing

C. expanding

D. breathing

Section B

Directions: In this section, there are 20 sentences each with
one word or phrase missing. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C, and
D that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.

11. There was a nobility,
about this simple-minded person which was _____.

A. most engaged

B. to be most engaging

C. the most engaging

D. most engaging

12. The
writer was not used to speaking in public, but when the opportunity presented itself,
he rose to the _____.

A. chance

B. event

C. occasion

D. circumstance

13. Most of the author’s earlier
works were published under a _____.

A. pseudonym

B. misnomer

C. nickname

D. namesake

14. The
black boys and girls need not have felt _____ for their
dark skin in the summer camp.

A. self-effacing

B. self-conscious

C. self-centered

D. self-evident

15. If you keep on working too hard, your health
will _____.

A. degenerate

B. degrade

C. deteriorate

D. deform

16. Several of the advertising hoardings had been _____ by anti-racist slogans.

A. deleted

B. erased

C. mutilated

D. defaced

17. Before the
conference begins, let’s take an _____ of the present situation.

A. overview

B. overall

C. overture

D. oversight

18. The dreadful scenes of the major skirmish _____ the children off their dinner.

A. took

B. put

C. sent

D. set

19. The
purpose of the survey was to _____ the parents with the changes television has made
in family life.

A. notify

B. tell

C. acquaint

D. inform

20. They
had not cleaned the house for weeks and the health inspector found them living
in the utmost_____.

A. contamination

B. pollution

C. decay

D. squalor

21. We must bring him
_____ to cur point of view on
that subject.

A. out

B. forward

C. around

D. about

22. The students wondered why the instructor _____ in the middle of his speech.

A. broke away

B. broke in

C. broke off

D. broke out

23. The
U.N Security Council makes an attempt to adjust the _____ between Israel
and Palestine.

A. problem

B. dispute

C. question

D. matter

24. While
typing, Helen has a habit of stopping
_____ to give her long and flowing
hair a smooth.

A. occasionally

B. simultaneously

C. eventually

D. promptly

25. The old lady can’t hope to _____ her cold in a few days.

A. hold back

B. get off

C. get over

D. hole up

26. The island where these rare birds nest has been
declared a _____ area.

A. observation

B. reservation

C. preservation

D. conservation

27. I just
managed to _____ a quick breath before I was sucked under the
water by the passing boat.

A. snatch

B. scratch

C. scrape

D. stretch

28. With prices _____ so much,
it’s hard for the company to plan a budge.

A. vibrating

B. waving

C. fluctuating

D. swings

29. My house is the only brick one on the street. It _____ and you can’t miss it.

A. stands up

B. sticks out

C. looks out

D. make out

30. Some
teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which _____ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.

A. deprives

B. restricts

C. rejects

D. denies

Ⅲ. CLOZE
(30points, 1 point each)

PASSAGE 1

Directions: In this section, there are 10 blanks with
one word missing in each blank. Choose one of the four
choices marked A, B, C and D that
best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSEWR SHEET
by blackening it.

There’s a strange pleasure in working late. Your
colleagues go home, and you’re alone: free to finish all those jobs you didn’t
find time for during the day and move mound the office (1)______.

But nowadays lots of people work a voluntary late (2)______ Some of them deliberately do little during the day and only get down to what they (3)______ have done when evening arrives. It’s
inefficient, but it looks as if they are working hard. At times, it can become (4)______ ridiculous. We heard about a consultant who at 11 am would pretend to be
going to the men’s room. After (5)______ this to his colleagues, he would walk out of
the building and go home — half blind and shivering, because he’d deliberately
left his glasses on his desk and his jacket on the back of his chair in an
attempt to (6)______people that he was still in the building.

Chief executive often mistakes such behavior for (7)______to the company, and those who finish their work on time and leave at
5.30 to be with their families are often (8)______less conscientious despite working efficiently. In fact the early
leavers, who probably get a good night’s sleep, are working more
productively and tend not to suffer from (9)______stress levels. Working late is an occasional necessity, but the desire
to stay late purely to (10)______
a impression on your boss should be
discouraged.

1. A. unattended

B. unguarded

C. unhindered

D. unopposed

2. A. period

B. shift

C. time

D. hour

3. A. may

B. should

C. would

D. can’t

4. A. truly

B. sincerely

C. purely

D. fully

5. A. littering

B. informing

C. speaking

D. announcing

6. A. pretend

B. lie

C. convince

D. cheat

7. A. duty

B. loyalty

C. respect

D. faith

8. A. viewed

B. observed

C. regarded

D. considered

9. A. large

B. expensive

C. high

D. strong

10. A. make

B. put

C. get

D. have

PASSAGE 2

Directions: In this section, there are 20 blanks with one
word missing in each blank. Fill in each blank with a word that best completes
the passage, and write the word on the ANSWER SHEET.

Books are to mankind (11)______
memory is to the individual. They contain the history of our race,
the discoveries we have (12)______ the
accumulated knowledge and experience of ages. They picture for us the marvels and
beauties of nature, help us (13)______ our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow (14)______ in suffering, change hours of weariness
(15)______ moments
of delight, store our minds with ideas, (16)______ them
with good and happy thoughts, and lift us (17)______ of
and above ourselves.

There is an
oriental story of two men: one was a king. (18)______
every night dreamt he was a beggar, the (19)______ was
a beggar, who every night dreamt he was a prince and lived in a palace.
Imagination is sometimes more (20)______ than reality. But however this (21)______ be. When we read we may not only be the king and live
in palaces, but, what is better, we may transport ourselves to mountains or the
seashore, and visit the most beautiful pans or the earth. (22)______ fatigue, inconvenience, or expense.

Macaulay had wealth and fame, rank and power, and yet he
tells us in his biography that he owed the happiest hours of his life (23)______ books. In a charming letter to a little girl, he says: “Thank
you for your very pretty, letter. I am always glad to make my little girl
happy, and nothing pleases me so much (24)______ to see that she
likes books, for when she is as old as I am. She will find
that they are better than all the candies and cakes, toys and plays, and sights
in the world. If anyone would make me the greatest king that ever lived on (25)______ that I should not read books, I (26)______ not
be a king. I would (27)______ be a poor man in a garret with plenty of books
than a king who did not love (28)______.”

Books, indeed, endow us (29)______ a
whole enchanted palace of thoughts. In one way they give us an even more vivid
idea than the actual (30)______, just as reflections are often more
beautiful than real nature.

Ⅳ. READING COMPREHENSION
(30 points, 3 points each)

PASSAGE 1

Prospective teachers are urged to develop their own
personal philosophies of education. How you manage your classroom, the content,
the method, and the values you stress will be based on your personal belief
system—your philosophy of education. Pre-service teachers should at least be
aware of the options available when developing a preferred teaching
style/philosophy. In teaching, one exhibits behavior that is compatible with
one’s personal educational view. Instructional practices must
fit the teacher’s personality and the teacher must believe in
the effectiveness of the practices used. Since other teaching styles might be
more effective in certain situations, experienced teachers often draw from
styles other than their preferred personal style. In fact, perhaps the best
goal for an experienced teacher is to become a “healthy
eclectic” who can comfortably use a number of teaching styles in order to meet
learners’ needs more completely.

As long as this eclectic strategy serves the instructional
purpose well, and as long as the teacher has the ability to explain to the
students how they can succeed under various teaching styles, the use of various
styles can be advantageous. However, if the use of various styles is merely
trying technique after technique with no knowledge of how these techniques
relate to teaching philosophies, the result could be said to be a state of
unhealthy eclecticism, which should be avoided.

Various state teacher certification
programs include a course in the academic study of educational
philosophy. When the prospective teachers enrolled in such
courses have previously assessed behavioral emphases and preferences underlying
a philosophical position, such courses are infinitely more valuable. While
condensed explanations of teaching styles/philosophies run the
inherent risks of oversimplification and of being too judgmental, our purpose
is to provide prospective teachers with a working framework to help them avoid
the meaningless stereotypes associated with various educational philosophies.

Effective teaching is not a matter of authoritarian versus
non-authoritarian methodologies, older versus newer theories, or controlled
classrooms versus non-controlled classrooms. Rather, responsible use of any
teaching style/philosophy yields benefits for learners, whereas irresponsible
use of any teaching style/philosophy yields the reverse.

Classroom teachers do borrow from different philosophical
systems, primarily as a means to assure variety in methods of instruction.
However, a philosophical position is actually indicated by emphases and
preferences that translate themselves into behavior. Thus it is the behavioral
emphasis or preferences that should be identified to reveal the underlying set
of philosophical assumptions.

1. A prospective teacher should have, his own
personal philosophy of education because _____.

A. a preferred
teaching philosophy is necessary

B. his preferred teaching style is the most effective one

C. he should develop his own teaching style

D. his personal belief system determines his instructional
practice

2. According to the author, which of the
following approaches is encouraged in a teacher-training program?

A. To introduce various teaching theories and try them out
in class.

B. To help teachers master various teaching methodologies.

C. To help teachers understand the real significance behind
each teaching theory.

D. To comment on the strong points and weakness of each
teaching theory

3. In the author’s
opinion, effective teaching chiefly results from _____.

A. newer teaching theories

B. teacher’s responsibility in using any teaching
philosophy

C. non-controlled classrooms

D. non-authoritarian methodology

PASSAGE 2

There are several ways to think of politeness. These might
involve ideas like being tactful, modest and nice to other people. In the study
of linguistic politeness, the most relevant concept is ‘face’. Your face, in
pragmatics, is your public self-image. This is the emotional
and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize.

Politeness is
showing awareness of another personas face, if you say
something that represents a threat to
another person’s self-image, that is called a face-threatening
act. For example, if you use a direct speech act to order someone to do
something (Give me that paper!), you are acting as if you have more social power than the
other person. If you do not actually have that social power, then you
are performing a face-threatening act. An indirect speech
act in the form of a question (Could you pass me that paper, please?), removes
the assumption of social power. You appear to be asking about ability. This makes
your request less threatening to the other person’s sense of self. Whenever you
say something that lessens the possible threat to another’s
face. It’s called a face-saving act.

You have both a
negative face and a positive face. Your negative face is the need to be
independent and to have freedom from imposition. Your positive face is your
need to be connected, to belong, to be a member of the group. Thus, a face-saving
act that emphasizes a person’s negative face will show concern about imposition
(I’m sorry to bother you…; I know you’re busy, but…). A face-saving act that emphasizes a
person’s positive face will show solidarity and draw attention to
a common goal (Let’s do this together…; You and I have the same
problem, so…).

Ideas about the appropriate language to mark
politeness differ substantially from one culture to the next. If you have grown
.up in a culture that has directness as a valued way of showing solidarity
and you use direct speech acts (Pour me some coffee) to people whose culture is
more oriented to indirectness and avoiding direct imposition, then you will be
considered impolite. You, in turn, may think of the others as vague and unsure
of what they want. In either case, it is the pragmatics that is misunderstood
and, unfortunately, much more will be communicated than is said.
Understanding how people communicate is actually a process of interpreting not
just what speakers say, but what they ‘intend to mean’.

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of
face-threatening act?

A. You sit there.

B. Why don’t you sit there?

C. Would you sit there?

D. You’re asked to sit there.

5. Which of the following shows concern for a
person’s negative face?

A. I’m afraid you’re late.

B. You’re late.

C. You know you’re late.

D. I sorry, to say you’re late.

6. As is discussed in the passage, Pragmatics
mainly studies _____.

A. a speaker’s face-saving apt

B. a speaker’s positive face or negative face

C. what the speaker says

D. a speaker’s implied intentions

PASSAGE 3

The most noticeable trend among today’s media
companies is vertical integration- an attempt to control several related
aspects of the media business at once, each part helping the
other. Besides publishing magazines and books. Time Warner, for
example, owns Home Box Office (HBO). Warner movie studios,
various cable TV systems throughout the United States and CNN as well. The
Japanese company Matsushita owns MCA Records and Universal Studios and
manufactures broadcast production equipment.

To describe the financial status of today’s
media is also to talk about acquisitions. The media are buying and selling each
other in unprecedented numbers and forming media groups to position themselves in the
marketplace to maintain and increase their profits. In 1986, the first time a
broadcast network had been sold, two networks were sold that year – ABC and NEC.

Media acquisitions have skyrocketed since 1980 for two
reasons. The first is that most big corporations today are
publicly traded companies, which means that their stock is traded on one of the
nation’s stock exchanges. This makes acquisitions relatively
easier.

A media company that wants to buy a publicly owned company
can buy that company’s stock when the stock becomes available. The
open availability of stock in these companies means that anybody with enough
money can invest in the American media industries, which is exactly how Rupert
Murdoch joined the media business.

The second reason for the increase in media alliances is
that beginning in 1980, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gradually
deregulated the broadcast media. Before 1980, for example, the FCC allowed one
company to own only five TV stations, five AM radio stations, and five FM radio
stations; companies also were required to hold onto a station for
three years before the station could be sold. The post-1980 FCC eliminated the
three-year rule and raised the number of broadcast holdings allowed for one
owner. This trend of media acquisitions is continuing throughout the 1990s, as
changing technology expands the market for media products.

The issue of media ownership is important. If only a few
corporations direct the media industries in this country, the
outlets for differing political viewpoints and innovative ideas could be
limited.

7. Which of the following is tree of the media?

A. They used to sell and buy each other in great numbers.

B. They are trading each other in greater numbers today.

C. They used to be controlled by two networks—ABC and NBC.

D. They have stopped the trend of acquisitions in the
1990s.

8. According to the passage, what makes
acquisitions easier?

A. The changing technology employed by the media.

B. The media’s increasing profits in the marketplace.

C. The ever tougher regulations of the FCC on the media
since 1980.

D. The availability of the media’s stocks on stock
exchanges.

9. What is the FCC’s new policy
regarding media alliances?

A. It allows companies to sell their stocks publicly.

B. It doesn’t allow companies to sell their stocks
publicly.

C. It permits one company to own more media businesses at
the same time.

D. It does not impose any restrictions on the number of
companies one can buy.

10. The issue of media ownership is important
because _____.

A. it affects the amount of money the stockholders will
make

B. it decides whether we can have different aspects of the
media

C. it concerns the channels through which to express
opinions

D. it means that more and more people will hold onto only a
few stations

Ⅴ. PARAPHRASING (20
points, 4 points each)

Explain the five
underlined sentences in your own words, and give examples to illustrate your
explanation if necessary. Write your answers on THE ANSWER SHEET.

Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and thinking
that people living in social groups learn, create, and
share. (1) Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also
distinguishes humans from other animals. A people’s culture includes their
beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of
dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic
systems.

Culture is the most important concept in anthropology (the
study of all aspects of human life, past and present). Anthropologists commonly
use the term culture to refer to a society, or group in which many or all
people live and think in the same ways. Likewise, any group of people who share
a common culture—and in particular, common rules of behavior and a basic form
of social organization—constitutes a society. (2) Thus, the terms culture
and society are somewhat interchangeable.However, while many
animals live in societies, such as herds of elk or packs of wild dogs, only
humans have culture.

Culture has several distinguishing characteristics. One of
them is that culture is based on symbols—abstract ways of referring to and
understanding ideas, objects, feelings, or behaviors—and the ability to
communicate with symbols using language. People have culture primarily because
they can communicate with and understand symbols. (3) Symbols allow people
todevelop complex thoughts and to exchange those thoughts
with others. Language and other forms
of symbolic communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and
record new ideas and information.

(4) A symbol has either an indirect connection or no
connection at all with the object, idea feeling, or behavior to which it
refers. For instance, most people in the United States find some meaning in
the combination of the colors red, white, and blue. But those colors themselves
have nothing to do with for instance, the land, the people call
the United States,
the concept of patriotism, or the
U.S. national anthem, The Star Spangled Banner.

To convey new ideas, people constantly invent
new symbols, such as for mathematical formulas. In addition, people may use one
symbol, such as a single word, to represent many different ideas, feelings, or
values. Thus, symbols provide a flexible way for people to communicate even very
complex thoughts with each other.

For example, only through symbols can architects,
engineers, and construction workers communicate the information necessary to
construct a skyscraper or bridge. (5) People have the capacity at birth to
construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily byusing language. Research has shown, for example, that
infants have a basic structure of language—sort of
universal grammar—built into their minds. Infants are thus
predisposed to learn the languages spoken by the people around
them.

Ⅵ. WRITING (20 points)

In today’s
increasingly technological society, many students think that college courses in
the liberal arts (art, music, philosophy, literature) should be cancelled,
because they do not contribute much to their career preparation.

Write on your ANSWER
SHEET a composition of about 200 words to respond to the following statement.
Use specific details to support your argument.

Do you agree or disagree
with the above statement?

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