考研真题
1. 西北师范大学外语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题
2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题
考研指导书
1. 张汉熙《高级英语（1）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
2. 张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
3. 邹为诚《综合英语教程（1）》（第3版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
4. 邹为诚《综合英语教程（2）》（第3版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
西北师范大学外语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解
书籍目录
2013年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2014年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2015年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
部分内容
2013年西北师范大学外语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
I. Grammar & Vocabulary
(20 points)
Directions: There are
twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes
the sentence.
1 Whenever you see an old film, you can’t help being struck by the
appearance of the actresses—their hair styles and make-up look dated, their general appearance
is in fact slightly _____.
A. classic
B. fanciful
C. deranged
D. ludicrous
【答案】D
【解析】句意：每次看老电影，女演员出场之时，你都会感到很震惊，她们的妆容和发型都过时了，她们的相貌总的来说都有点滑稽。本题考查的是词义辨析，ludicrous滑稽的；荒唐的，符合题意，故为正确答案。classic经典的；古典的。fanciful想象的；稀奇的。deranged疯狂的；精神错乱的。
2 When an American team explored a temple which stands in an
ancient prosperous city on the _____ Ayia Irini, the archaeologists discovered
a graceful Goddess.
A. promontory
B. outpost
C. traits
D. channel
【答案】A
【解析】句意：当一支美国探险队于阿伊亚•依里尼海角的古城里发现了一座庙宇之时，考古学家发现了一座优雅的女神雕像。本题考查的是词义辨析，promontory岬，海角，符合题意，故为正确答案。outpost警戒部队；边区村落。traits特性，特质。channel通道；频道；海峡。
3 Now Norman has put himself into the patient _____ state of mind
of a chess player.
A. contemplative
B. attentive
C. pondering
D. thinking
【答案】A
【解析】句意：现在诺曼变成了一位有耐心，爱思考的象棋手。本题考查的是词义辨析，contemplative沉思的；冥想的，符合题意，故为正确答案。attentive留意的，注意的。pondering默想，考虑的现在分词。thinking思考的；思想的。
4 Dr. Park was accused _____ the patient with overdose of sleeping
pills so that the patient’s life was terminated before the expected time.
A. of providing
B. with
providing
C. to have
provided
D. to provide
【答案】A
【解析】句意：帕克医生接到指控，因为他给病人服用了过量的安眠药，导致病人提前死亡。本题考查的是固定搭配。be accused of …被指控；被控告犯有……。
5 By the end of next month we ______ this
assignment.
A. will finish
B. will be
finishing
C. will have
finished
D. have finished
【答案】C
【解析】句意：下月末我们就已经完成任务了。本题考查的是将来完成时的用法，By
the end of next month是将来完成时的标志，故答案为C。
6 We will be losing money this year unless
that new economic plan of yours _____ miracle.
A. is working
B. works
C. will be
working
D. worked
【答案】B
【解析】句意：除非你的经济计划能够发挥作用，否则我们今年将会遭受损失。本题考查的是时态的用法，由if when unless来引导的从句，如果主句是一般将来时（或者将来时相关时态）那么从句用一般现在时，故答案为B。
7 It was dark in the cave so she _____ a
match.
A. struck
B. hit
C. fired
D. burned
【答案】A
【解析】句意：洞穴里面没有光亮，所以她点了根火柴。本题考查的是固定搭配，strike
a match点火柴，符合题意，故为正确答案。
8 Mary will not be able to come to the
birthday’ party as she is _____ with a cold.
A. laid out
B. laid up
C. laid by
D. laid down
【答案】B
【解析】句意：玛丽今天不能来参加生日聚会了，因为她生病需要休息。本题考查的是短语辨析，lay up贮存；搁置；卧床不起，符合题意，故为正确答案。lay out 展示；安排；花钱；为……划样。lay by 把……搁置在一旁；积蓄，储存。lay down制定；铺设；主张。
9 She often says her greatest happiness
_____ serving the handicapped children.
A. relies on
B. consists in
C. composes of
D. comprises in
【答案】B
【解析】句意：她常说自己最大的快乐在于帮助残障儿童。本题考查的是短语辨析，consist in…在于；存在于……符合题意，故为正确答案。rely on…依靠，依赖……。compose of …由……组成。comprise包含；由……组成。
10 To make this _____ clear we shall have
to look closely into biology’s long history.
A. distinction
B. indication
C. recognition
D. constitution
【答案】A
【解析】句意：为了搞清楚这一差别，我们必须认真地审视一下生物学发展的漫长历史。本题考查的是词义辨析，distinction意为“区别；差异”；符合题意，故为正确答案。indication意为“标示，迹象”。recognition意为“（正式的）承认，认可，认知”。constitution意为“宪法，体制”。
11 There is nothing in physical structure,
the brain or the internal organs to _____ a difference.
A. display
B. indicate
C. demonstrate
D. appear
【答案】B
【解析】句意：物理结构什么都没有，大脑即内部器官都没有什么差别。本题考查的是词义辨析，indicate表明；指出，符合题意，故为正确答案，display显示；表现。demonstrate证明；展示。appear出现；显得；似乎。
12 The largest brain ever examined
belonged to a person of weak _____.
A. health
B. body
C. mind
D. thought
【答案】C
【解析】句意：目前为止检测到的最大的大脑是一个脑力荏弱的人身上。本题考查的是固定搭配，weak mind低能者，智力低下者，符合题意，故为正确答案。
13 Individuals of every race _____ civilization
to go backward or forward.
A. make
B. cause
C. move
D. turn
【答案】B
【解析】句意：每个种族的人都能让文明前进或者后退。本题考查的是词义辨析，cause引起；使遭受，符合题意，故为正确答案。make使得；进行但是后面不跟动词不定式；布置。move移动；搬家。turn转向；转变。
14 The new government _____ the
foreign—owned oil fields one after another.
A. took over
B. took out
C. took off
D. took on
【答案】A
【解析】句意：新政府将外国投资的油田一个个地接管回来。本题考查的是短语辨析，take over…接收，接管。take out…取出；去掉。take off…起飞；脱下；离开。take on…承担；呈现。
15 The new technological revolution in American newspapers has
brought increased _____ wider range of publications and all expansion of
newspaper job.
A. circulation
B. reproduction
C. manipulation
D. penetration
【答案】A
【解析】句意：美国报纸界新的技术革命增加了出版物的销售量，同时也增加了报纸有关的工作岗位数量。本题考查的是词义辨析，circulation传播；循环；发行量，符合题意，故为正确答案。reproduction繁殖，生殖。manipulation操纵；操作。penetration渗透；突破。
16 To the extent that rights and privileges are incompatible, the
advocates of women’s so-called “emancipation” must realize that they are also
advocating the overthrow of women’s _____.
A. responsibility
B. special
limitations
C. differential
advantages
D. motherhood
【答案】C
【解析】句意：权利和特权到底如何不能相容，那些所谓的妇女解放运动倡导者必须得认识到她们也在推翻女性的特别的优势。本题考查的是词义辨析，differential advantages特别的优势，符合题意，故为正确答案。responsibility责任，职责。special limitations特殊的限制。motherhood母性；母亲身份。
17 The human vocal apparatus is equipped to produce only a certain
number of sounds. A comparison of any two languages will reveal sounds that are
_____.
A. similar
B. difficult
C. different
D. harsh
【答案】A
【解析】句意：人类的发音器官只能发出一些声音。如果将两种语言放在一起比较，我们可以发现有些音是非常相似的。本题考查的是词义辨析，similar相似的，符合题意，故为正确答案。difficult艰难的，困难的。different不同的。harsh严厉的；严酷的。
18 There are those who claim that the self-flatterer is the most
extravagant in his claims but never did a man claim for himself as many virtues
as the lover accredits to _____.
A. the person
loved
B. humanity
C. the
flatterer
D. himself
【答案】A
【解析】句意：有人说自我奉承者的人是最放纵的人，但是从没有人要求自己也拥有博爱之人给予他所爱之人的美德。由句意，答案是A。
19 A good speaker varies his speed of delivery to match the
significance of his oratory. Slow speech is appropriate for the important
ideas, but the less weighty material should be disposed of rather speedily. It
is important that with variety of material there should be variety of _____.
A. volume
B. pitch
C. timbre
D. tempo
【答案】D
【解析】句意：好的发言人能够根据自己的演讲内容的重要性来调整自己讲话的速度。重要之事需要慢慢道来，不那么重要之事可以快一点说完。不同的材料搭配不同的讲话速度是很重要的。本题考查的是词义辨析，tempo速度，发展速度，符合题意，故为正确答案。volume体积；卷；音量。pitch沥青；音高。timbre音色；音质。
20 Every citizen in a democracy, it is said, must have equality,
and the will of the majority is supreme; thus the poor have more power than the
rich because _____.
A. it is their turn to rule
B. there are more of
them
C. their needs are
greater
D. the rich are ever wicked
【答案】B
【解析】句意：有人说民主政体的每个人都是平等的，多数人的意志处于主导地位，因而穷人比富人拥有更大的权力，因为穷人占多数。由句意，答案为B。
II. Error Correction. (10
points)
The following passage
contains TEN error, each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In
each case only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and
correct it.
【答案与解析】
1 illustrate→illustrated
（根据第一段第一句话“The previous section
has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one school child to the next and illustrates
the further difference between school lore and nursery lore.”上一章就说明了韵脚在孩子们之间的传播速度非常快，也表明了学校的歌曲和托儿所的歌曲差距很大。前半句的谓语动词是has shown，后面也应该是has illustrated.）
2 the→a
（根据第二句话“In nursery lore a verse,
learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when a little
listener has grown up and has children of his own, or even grandchildren.”小孩子长大后一般不会将幼儿园学到的儿歌韵文传下去，有了自己的孩子甚至孙子后也不会。此处应该用不定冠词表示泛指，a little listener，小听众，小孩子。）
3 their→his
（根据第二句话“In nursery lore a verse,
learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when a little
listener has grown up and has children of his own, or even grandchildren.” 小孩子长大后一般不会将幼儿园学到的儿歌韵文传下去，有了自己的孩子甚至孙子后也不会。代词与前文a little listener在单复数上保持一致。）
4 something→anything
（根据第三句话“The period between
learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be anything from 20 to 70
years.”学会一首儿歌并将它传播开来大约需要20到70年。这里anything from…to…表示大约在……之间。）
5 therefore→however
（根据第四句话“With the playground
lore, however, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is
learnt;”然而学校操场上学来的歌曲可能只需要一会儿就传开了。根据上下逻辑关系，此处应该表示转折。）
6 in the general去掉the
（根据第四句话“…and, in general, it
passes between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for
the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years.”而且，一般来说学校儿歌容易在同龄小孩子当中传播，因为年龄差大于5岁的孩子是不会在一起玩耍的。一般来说，in general。）
7 currently→current
（根据第五句话“If, therefore, a
playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or…”因此，如果一首操场儿歌现在已经流传了100年…currently副词，当前；一般地，current现在的；流通的，作表语用形容词current。）
8 it has passed→it has been passed
（根据第五句话“very possibly it has
been passed along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and milers…”它很可能已经由200到300位听众或运动员传播下去。歌曲应该是被传递下去。）
9 live→alive
（根据最后一句话“…and the wonder is that
it remains alive after so much handling, let alone that it bears resemblance to
the original wording.”而且神奇的是，历经多次修改后，它仍然保持着生命力，更不要说它的选词与其最初版本仍有相似之处。live活的；生动的，alive活泼的；有生气的。）
10 to去掉
（根据最后一句话“… and the wonder is
that it remains alive after so much handling, let alone that it bears
resemblance to the original wording.”而且神奇的是，历经多次修改后，它仍然保持着生命力，更不要说它的选词与其最初版本仍有相似之处。let alone 是固定搭配，前面不加to。）
III. Reading
Comprehension. (30 points)
Directions: In this
section, there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20
multiple-choice questions.
TEXT A
The tourist
trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater
understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it!
Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to
visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand
tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The
package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers
enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old
days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of tins mass exchange of
populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
Many tourists
‘organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They
deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the
local population. The modem tourist leads a cosseted, sheltered life. He lives
at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his
international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted
tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to
see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule
makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own and anyway,
language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this
way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization.
The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire are
temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at
Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.
The sad thing
about this situation is flint it leads to the persistence of national
stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but
as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself.
Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian.
Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous,
cold, pedantic, native. Far from providing us with any insight into the
national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives
actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only
characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You
come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say,
“Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot”. You only
have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful
national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist
trade does its best to prevent you?
Carried to an
extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up
racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact “how trite it sounds! That all
people are human.” We are all similar to each other and at the same time all
unique.
1 The best title for this passage is
_____.
A. tourism
contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations
B. tourism is
tiresome
C. conducted
tour is dull
D. tourism
really: does something to one’s country
2 What is the author’s attitude toward
tourism?
A. apprehensive
B. negative
C. critical
D. appreciative
3 Which word in the following is the best
to summarize Latin people shout a lot?
A. silent
B. noisy
C. lively
D. active
4 The purpose of the author’s criticism is
to point out _____.
A. conducted
tour is disappointing
B. the way of
touring should be changed
C. when
traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception
D. national
stereotypes should be changed
5 What is ‘grand tour’ now?
A. Moderate
cost.
B. Local
sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
C. People enjoy
the first-rate comforts.
D. Everybody can
enjoy the ‘grand tour’.
【答案与解析】
1 A 第二段第二句话“They deliberately set out to protect their
clients from too much contact with the local population.”，许多旅游组织有意识不让旅游者接触当地居民，第三段最后一句话“But
how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to
prevent you? ”可是旅行社竭力制止，你又怎么能交上外国朋友呢？这一切说明A项旅游业并不能促进国家间相互理解。
2 C 由全文可知，作者对旅游业持批评的态度。
3 B shout a lot 经常大叫，大吼，就是吵吵闹闹的。
4 B 整篇文章（除第一段外）都环绕旅游方式不理想来进行批评。第二段集中在导游观光使旅游者难以和当地人民接触。第三段，见到的只是证实了旅游者本人事先形成的思想/先入之见，旅游根本达不到了解对方的目的。第四段讲了民族固定模式（先入之见的模式）的可怕后果。要使人懂得所有的人们都是人类，彼此相似，却又各具特点，就得改变旅游方式。
5 D 根据最后一段倒数第二句话“Modern travelers enjoy a level of
comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have
dreamed of. ”现代的游客可以享受到旧时只有贵族小姐们才能享受到的大旅行，故现在的大旅行是普通人可以享受的大旅行。
TEXT B
Roger
Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than
sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken
by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has
often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s
recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly
political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black
identity winch it propounds.
Although fiction
assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those
circumstances in ways other than ideological and talking about novels and
stories primarily as Instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional
enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections
among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or
ignored.
Writing
acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however presupposes giving satisfactory
answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason,
other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black
authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modem
fiction-with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black
fiction constitutes a distinct body of” writing that has an identifiable,
coherent literary tradition, looking at novels written by Black over the last
eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of
chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring not surprisingly
from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a
predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or
rebel against it.
Black Fiction
does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis
permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his
intention to judge the merit of the various works. Yet his reluctance seems
misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to
interesting results. For Instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally
diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to
forge, a different 1rind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black
novels, like Jean Toomey’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does
this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the
fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic
modes of expression?
In spite of such
omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute
and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing
to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like
James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is
tightly constructed, and its forthright: lucid style exemplifies levelheaded
and penetrating criticism.
6 The author of
the text is primarily concerned with _____.
A. evaluating
the soundness of a work of criticism
B. comparing
various critical approaches to a subject
C. discussing
the limitations of a particular kind of criticism
D. summarizing
the major points made in a work of criticism
7 The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have
been improved had Rosenblatt _____.
A. evaluated
more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction
B. attempted to
be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors
C. explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of
Black fiction throughout its history
D. assessed the
relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically
8 The author’s discussion of Black Fiction
can be best described as _____.
A. Pedantic and
contentious
B. Critical but
admiring
C. Ironic and
deprecating
D. Argumentative
but unfocused
9 The author of the text employs all of the following in the
discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT _____.
A. Rhetorical
questions
B. Specific
examples
C. Comparison
and contrast
D. Definition of
terms
10 The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s
Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to _____.
A. point out
affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier
criticism
B. clarify the
point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage
C. qualify the
assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage
D. give a
specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work
【答案与解析】
6 A 由第一段第一句话“Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in
attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,
successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.”罗杰·罗森布莱特的著作《黑人小说》，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。还有最后一段第一句话“In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his
discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.”尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。所以说本文是在评价一本书。
7 D 根据倒数第二段第二句“Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s
thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states
that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works. Yet his
reluctance seems misplaced…”《黑人小说》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性；他甚至直言，对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图。然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的。故答案是D，如果他分析了作品的文学美感，那么他的作品就会得到提升。
8 B 由最后一段第一句话“In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his
discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.”尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。说明作者的态度是批评又欣赏。
9 D 根据第一段最后一句话“Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example…” 例如，阿狄森·盖尔的最新著作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。这是举了阿狄森·盖尔的例子，用他的作品与罗森布莱特的作品形成对比。所以B和C是正确的，根据第三段二句话“First of all, is
there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to
group together works by Black authors?”
首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类？说明A反问是正确的，只有D没有用到。
10 D 根据最后一段第二句话“Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our
attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James
Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.”《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上，如詹姆士·威尔顿·约翰逊的《一个有色人自传》。故答案是D。
TEXT C
Bernard Bailyn
has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying
new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his
reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the
history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate
propositions.
The first of
these asserts that residents of early modem England moved regularly about their
countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover.
Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English,
they would rather have stayed home. By the eighteenth century, people
increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of
opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to
flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World
community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New
England towns varied considerably.
Bailyn’s third
proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of
migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land.
Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were
the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs
helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North
America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the
1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn
argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European
culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part
of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and
colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial
culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never
matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the
settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and
published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional.
However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had
powerful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn
goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who
migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with
the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work
suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for the period during hg which they had sold their time to
American employers. It is not surprisingly that as soon as they served their
time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their
personal .independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a
peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious
of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.
11 Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial
North America is supported by information in the text?
A. A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as
indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
B. Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were
more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
C. Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at
acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth
century.
D. By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more
demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.
12 The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to _____.
A. give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political
interdependence of the colonies and England
B. describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved
their culture in the United States
C. take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists
who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land
D. relate the experience of the migrants to the political values
that eventually shaped the character of the United States
13 Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation
of Bailyn’s fourth proposition?
A. It is totally implausible.
B. It is partially acceptable.
C. It is highly admirable.
D. It is controversial though persuasive.
14 According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of
the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?
A. High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of
England.
B. The cultural achievements of colonial New, England have generally
been unrecognized by historians.
C. The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not
develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
D. The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture
of New England.
15 The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which
of the following statements about Bailyn’s work?
A. Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North
American culture.
B. Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on
Great Britain.
C. Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American
empire is misleading and incorrect.
D. Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of
migrants to colonial North America.
【答案与解析】
11 D 根据第三段最后一句话“At first, thousands
of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American
employers demanded skilled artisans.”起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力接到征召，然而到了18世纪30年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。我们可知答案为D。
12 D 根据最后一段第一句“Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of
indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link
their experience with the political development of the United States.”尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。故答案为D。
13 B 根据第四段二三四句话“He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of
an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and
colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial
culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never
matched that in England.”在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁-美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。所以作者认为Bailyn的观点只有一部分可以接受。
14 A 根据第四段第四句话“It is true, as Bailyn
claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England.” 确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。
15 A 根据第四段第四句话“It is true, as Bailyn
claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England.”表明Bailyn认为殖民地的文化不如英国本土文化，但最后一句“However,
the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful
effects on North American culture.”不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。所以Bailyn低估了清教徒对北美的影响。
TEXT D
As Gilbert
White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the
innate capacity, to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The
task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors
that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long
run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population
makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year
to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others
vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly
correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.
To impose some
order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing
populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady
populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth,
death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly
varying populations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital
rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is
wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy
has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing,
no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the
time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates
may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no
density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either
increase or decrease without bound ( barring a miracle by which gains and
losses canceled exactly ) . Put another way, it may be that on average 99
percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes,
and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors matting up
the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly
hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine
the long-term average population density.
In order to
understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the
density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying
to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from
relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the
density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics.
For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around
repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects
described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown
For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few
observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming
noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture
of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.
16 The author of the text is primarily concerned with _____.
A. discussing two categories of factors that control population
growth and assessing their relative importance
B. describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over
time and explaining why these changes occur
C. proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting
ways to test it
D. posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in
population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer
17 It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the
dichotomy discussed to be _____.
A. applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations
B. instrumental, but only if its limitations are recognized
C. dangerously misleading in most circumstances
D. a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena
18 According to the text, all of the following behaviors have been
exhibited by different populations EXCEPT _____.
A. roughly
constant population levels from year to year
B. regular
cycles of increases and decreases in numbers
C. erratic
increases in numbers correlated with the weather
D. unchecked
increases in numbers over many generations
19 The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves
primarily to _____.
A. demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying
density-dependent factors limiting population growth
B. advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in
population growth
C. prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent
D. underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in
regulating long-term population densities
20 In the text, the author does all of the following EXCEPT _____.
A. cite the views of other biologists
B. define a basic problem that the text addresses
C. present conceptual categories used by other biologists
D. describe the results of a particular study
【答案与解析】
16 A 根据最后一段最后一句话“But it now seems
clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and
density-independent effects in varying proportions.” 但是，现在显得很清楚的是，所有种群都受“种群密度相关”和“种群密度无关”两类因素在不同程度上的共同制约。故答案是A，本文讲的就是讨论影响种群数量增长的两种因素以及评估其重要性。
17 B 根据第三段第一句话“This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too
literally.”这种二分法有它的用途，但如果死板地应用也会引发一些问题。所以该题的答案是只要我们承认这种方法是有局限的，它还是有帮助的。
18 D 根据第一段第一句“As Gilbert White,
Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate
capacity, to increase their numbers from generation to generation.”正如吉尔伯特·怀特、达尔文以及其它科学家很久以前观察的那样，所有的物种都具有一种天生的能力来一代一代地增加它们种群的数量。还有第一段最后一句话“…some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others
exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly…” 有些种群长期以来大致保持不变；有些表现出周期性的繁荣和稀少；而还有些变化非常大，时而暴增，时而锐减……只有D没有体现。
19 D 根据第三段后三句话“Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths
in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent
from factors varying with density. The factors matting up the one percent may
seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine.
Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term
average population density.”换一句话讲，也许种群内平均99%的死亡都由“种群密度无关”因素导致的，只有1%由随种群密度变化而变化的因素所导致。导致这1%的因素也许看起来并不重要，而且它们的影响也相应地很难确定。但是，无论认识到或没有认识到，它们都将对该种群密度长期的平均值起决定作用。所以答案是D，强调小的随种群密度变化而变化的因素的重要性。
20 D 全文都没有提到某种研究的结果。
IV. Short Answer
Questions (10 points)
Directions: In this
part, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions or complete the
statements in fewest possible words.
For the last 82
years, Sweden’s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in
Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated form the great and the
near-great to the immortal. Today, however, the Academy is coming under heavy
criticism both from without and from within. Critics contend that the selection
of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar
internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten,
the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize
continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish
tastes.”
The Academy has
defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by
asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the
world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well
be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible
for the Academy’s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the
literary world.
Regardless of
concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will
continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly
praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize
will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it. Not only
is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales
of an author’s books.
1 With which of the following subjects is
the passage mainly, concerned?
2 According to the passage, who has
criticized the Nobel Academy?
3 According to the passage, critics of the
Academy’s selection process hold that it _____.
4 According to the passage, how has the
Academy responded to its critics?
5 It can be inferred for the passage that
Sweden is not _____.
【答案与解析】
1 Nobel Prize in literature
（本文讲的是近来人们对诺贝尔文学奖提名文学作品的标准提出了质疑，诺贝尔文学奖评定委员会是如何反击质疑的，最后作者总结了该奖项的作用。）
2 People within and out of the Academy.
（根据第一段第二句话“Today, however, the
Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from without and from within.”然而，近日，评定委员会受到了内部和外部人员的批评。）
3 use the peculiar internal politics to
select works rather than using true writing ability of writers.
（根据第一段第三句“Critics contend that
the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability
than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.”批评的人说评定委员会根据内部特殊的标准来选择获奖者，而不是根据作家的写作水平。）
4 By saying such action is to protect the
Academy from outside influences.
（根据第二段第一句话“The Academy has
defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by
asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the
world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. ”有人指控诺贝尔文学奖的选择标准是非常狭隘的，为了反驳这一观点，委员会说该奖为了避免受到外界影响，刻意疏远当代文学重地。）
5 literary capital.
（根据第二段第一句话“The Academy has
defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by
asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the
world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.”有人指控诺贝尔文学奖的选择标准是非常狭隘的，为了反驳这一观点，委员会说该奖为了避免受到外界影响，刻意疏远当代文学重地。由此可见，瑞士并不是文学重地。）
V. Writing (30 points)
Write on ANSWER SHEET
a composition of about 400 words on the topic: The Impact of Internet.
【参考范文】
The
Impact of Internet
Internet, the
most influential invention in the 20th, has exerted so great
influences on our life, learning and working that no one second has passed
without the using of internet in this world since it was put into use. Like
other things, internet does both goods and harms to us. It facilitates
communication, economic interaction and spreading of knowledge. However, it
also has some bad influences on us. Some people become addicted into it and
waste a lot of money on video games and some people even get killed by their
so-called net friends. All those bad influences threaten people’s life. Thus,
there are some people opposed the use of internet fiercely. As far as I’m
concerned, we should view the impacts of internet with reasons.
First of all, internet
makes our life, working and communication more convenient. It is hard to image
before the occurrence of internet that people can work at home as long as they
can get access to internet and communicate with their colleagues. It has
changed our work routine. Besides, it also changes our life. There were no
chances for people living in remote areas to accept the education in some
developed areas. Now, it is a reality for those people to receive high
education lessons of prestigious colleges all over the world. It gives more
people chances to receive education at a relatively low cost. Moreover, the
wide spread of internet access and the use of QQ, E-mail, and some other
emerging network communication platforms have exerted fundamental impacts on
interpersonal communication. These network platforms are capable of helping
people get information more quickly and accurately, and they can also broaden
people’s horizons. However, as everyone knows, everything has two sides.
Internet also does harms to our life. First, many people are so drowned in
online shopping and cyber chatting that they get separated with the real world.
It is common for us to hear some news about teenagers getting addicted into online
games and giving up their studies. As future of our country, some young people cannot
resist the temptation from internet.
In a word,
internet indeed bring some benefits to our life, working and communication,
however, it also imposes bad impacts on our life. We should take it with a
reasonable attitude. And we should try our best to avoid the negative effect.
With the Internet, I believe that our life will be more comfortable in the
future.
【解析】
本文讲的是互联网的影响。作者第一段讲述了互联网的重要性，说明互联网给我们的生活，工作以及交流都带来了巨大的影响。但是这些影响有好的也有坏的，我们应该理性对待。接着作者就具体说明了互联网到底给我们带来了哪些影响。第一，改变了工作方式，只要有网络，在家也能工作；二，改变了教育方式，现在偏远地区的人们也可以接受世界不同学校的教育；第三，交友平台改变了交流方式。接下来作者又讲述了互联网的害处：许多青少年沉迷网络不能自拔，影响生活与学习，而他们是我们祖国的未来。最后作者总结全文，互联网有好处也有坏处，我们要积极利用其好处。
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