考研真题
1. [电子书]西北大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题
2. [电子书]2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题
考研指导书
1. [电子书]张汉熙《高级英语（1）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
2. [电子书]张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
西北大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解
书籍目录
2011年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2013年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2014年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2015年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
部分内容
2011年西北大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
I. Vocabulary and
Grammar: Multiple Choice (30%)
Part 1 Vocabulary
Selection (10%)
1 Being
both spoiled and lazy, he _______ everyone else for his lack of success.
A. accused
B. charged
C. criticized
D. blamed
【答案】D
【解析】句意：因为被惯坏了而且懒惰，他把自己的失败归咎于其他人。blame意为“责备”，常与for连用。accuse意为“控告，谴责”，常与of连用。charge意为“控诉”，常与with连用。
2 The prisoner _______ that he had assaulted a policeman.
A. denied
B. rejected
C. contradicted
D. refused
【答案】A
【解析】句意：那名犯人否认曾袭击警察。deny普通用词，侧重否认意见或言论的真实性，尤指否定他人的指控或责难。contradict指肯定地否认、反对或反驳某事，坚持相反的意见。
3 The jury gave a ________ of not guilty.
A. sentence
B. judgment
C. charge
D. verdict
【答案】D
【解析】句意：陪审团做出了无罪的判决。verdict为法律用词，指陪审团的裁决。sentence法律用词，指法庭的判决，根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
4 Only hotel guests have the ________ of using the private
beach.
A. occasion
B. possibility
C. privilege
D. allowance
【答案】C
【解析】句意：只有酒店的客人有使用这个私人沙滩的特权。privilege特权，特别待遇。possibility可能性。allowance允许，被允许的东西(如限额、限期等)。
5 He was always finding _________ with his daughter’s friends.
A. blame
B. error
C. mistake
D. fault
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他总是挑剔他女儿的朋友们。find fault with sb.找某人的茬，责难。
6 Children who are praised for their work are always
________ on.
A. encouraged
B. approved
C. inspired
D. spurred
【答案】D
【解析】句意：工作受到表扬的孩子们通常会积极性更高。spur on鼓励；鞭策。
7 Your usual teacher has lost his voice and _______ I am taking
his place today.
A. nevertheless
B. however
C. moreover
D. accordingly
【答案】D
【解析】句意：平常教你们的老师失声了，所以今天我来给他代课。accordingly因此，从而。nevertheless然而，不过。moreover而且，此外。
8 Sadly, while the academic industry thrives, the practice of
translation continues to _______.
A. stack
B. stage
C. stagnate
D. stamp
【答案】C
【解析】句意：遗憾的是，在学术界蓬勃发展的同时，翻译实践却停滞不前。stagnate停滞，不发展。stack堆起，摞起。stamp跺着脚走。
9 Uncle Vernon, quite
unlike Harry Potter who looked nothing like the rest of the family, was large,
very fat, and _______, with an enormous black mustache.
A. neckless
B. necklace
C. reckless
D. rackless
【答案】A
【解析】句意：哈利·波特看起来和家里其他人一点也不像，弗农叔叔与他完全不同，他身材高大，胖得看不到脖子，留着一脸黑胡子。neckless胖得没脖子的。reckless鲁莽的。rackless没支架的。
10 Americans
who consider themselves _______ in the traditional sense do not usually
hesitate to heap criticism in domestic matters over what they believe is
oppressive or wasteful.
A. pedestrian
B. penchant
C. patriarch
D. patriotic
【答案】D
【解析】句意：在传统意义上认为自己是爱国主义者的美国人，通常会毫不犹豫地批评他们认为是压迫或浪费的国内问题。patriotic爱国的，有爱国心的。pedestrian步行者，行人。penchant(强烈的)倾向，趣味。patriarch族长，元老。
Part 2 Vocabulary
Replacement (10%)
11 Although
many modifications have been made in it, the game known in the United
States as football can be traced directly to the English game of rugby.
A. rules
B. changes
C. demands
D. leagues
【答案】B
【解析】句意：虽然已经做出了许多修改，但是在美国被熟知为足球的运动可以直接追溯到英式橄榄球比赛。modification修改，修正。league联盟；社团。
12 Benjamin Franklin was remembered for his good judgment.
A. vigilance
B. guilty
C. sagacity
D. resolution
【答案】C
【解析】句意：本杰明·富兰克林因其良好的判断力而被人们铭记。judgement审判，判断力。sagacity睿智，精确的判断。vigilance警戒，警惕。resolution坚定，决心。
13 Rain abatesin the fall throughout most of the
Appalachian mountain region.
A. pours
B. accumulates
C. lessens
D. evaporates
【答案】C
【解析】句意：阿巴拉契亚山脉的大部分地区降水会在秋天减少。abate(风、暴风雨、声音等)减弱，减轻。lessen减少，减轻。evaporate蒸发，挥发。
14 Justice of the peace
have jurisdiction over the trials of some civil suits and of criminal
cases involving minor offenses.
A. supremacy
B. authority
C. guidance
D. obedience
【答案】B
【解析】句意：治安法官对一些民事诉讼案件和涉及轻微犯罪的刑事案件有管辖权。jurisdiction权限。have
jurisdiction over对……有管辖权。authority权威，权力。superiority优越，优势。guidance指导，领导。obedience服众，顺从。
15 The
feeling of competitionamong the students in all the classrooms where
the test was going on was noticeable to everyone.
A. discord
B. discovery
C. rivalry
D. cooperation
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在所有正在进行考试的教室里，每个人都能感觉到学生之间的竞争感。rivalry竞争；对抗。discord不和；不一致。
A. archaic
B. sentimental
C. outstanding
D. entire
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这名艺术家花费了数年时间完成了他的伟大画作，覆盖了这个国家最大的教堂的整个屋顶。monumental伟大而不朽的。outstanding杰出的，依然存在的。archaic古代的，古文的。sentimental感情的，感伤的。
17 Anthropologist
Barbara Myerhoff furthered her reputation as an authority on Native
American culture with her study of the symbols, myths, and rituals of the
Huichol people.
A. deserved
B. retained
C. renewed
D. advanced
【答案】D
【解析】句意：人类学家芭芭拉·麦尔霍夫(Barbara
Myerhoff)通过研究惠乔尔(Huichol)人的符号、神话和仪式，进一步提高了她作为美国本土文化权威的声誉。further促进，推动。advance使……前进。retain保持。
18 He remained calm in the face of the impendingdanger.
A. terrific
B. trivial
C. astonishing
D. imminent
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他面对迫在眉睫的危险时仍然保持镇静。impending即将发生的。imminent即将来临的；迫近的。terrific极好的；极其的。trivial不重要的，琐碎的。
19 “Holmes!” I whisper.
“What on earth are you doing in this disgustingplace?”
A. humble
B. unpleasant
C. underprivileged
D. noisy
【答案】B
【解析】句意：“福尔摩斯！”我低声说，“你到底在这个恶心的地方干什么？”disgusting令人厌恶的。humble谦逊的；简陋的。underprivileged贫困的；被剥夺基本权力的。
20 One
of the things we have to do to prevent a pandemic is to make sure people
understand and know what they can do to minimize the commotion.
A. command
B. collusion
C. turmoil
D. tutelage
【答案】C
【解析】句意：预防流感大流行我们要做的一件事就是确保人们理解并知道他们能做些什么来减少混乱。commotion骚动；暴乱。turmoil混乱，骚动。collusion勾结；共谋。tutelage监护；指导。
Part 3 Grammar
(10%)
21
Many of the novels of Kurt Vonnegut ________ a remarkable skepticism about the value of technological
advances.
A. display
B. will have displayed
C. they display
D. had displayed
【答案】A
【解析】句意：许多库尔特·冯内古特的小说显示了对于技术进步价值的怀疑。这句话讲述的是客观事实，因此用一般现在时。
22 ________ its richness and varied coloring, Schubert’s Symphony in C
has enjoyed a deserved reputation among classical music lovers.
A. Renowning by
B. Renownable to
C. Renowned for
D. Renowning with
【答案】C
【解析】句意：舒伯特的C调交响乐以其丰富多彩而闻名于世，在古典音乐爱好者中享有盛誉。be renowned for因……而著名。
23 The ________ the forest reached their highest price in the
1980s.
A. products
of
B. productions by
C. producers to
D. predictabilities with
【答案】A
【解析】句意：树木制品在20世纪80年代达到了其最高价格。product 主要指工业产品，也可指农产品，是可数名词。production
通常不表示具体的产品，它主要指生产这一动作或过程，是不可数名词。
24 As a universal
language, Esperanto has never really gained widespread acceptance ________
its lack of native speakers.
A. because
B. as a result
C. in order to
D. due to
【答案】D
【解析】句意：作为一种通用语言，世界语从未真正获得广泛接受，因为没有以其为母语的人。横线后为名词短语，因此应该选择due to。
25
In the years following the American Revolution and prior to the establishment
of a national government, Washington
provided the fledgling country with keen economic insight, ________, and astute
international judgment.
A. recognition of stability that was domestic
B. to stabilize the domestic situation
C. which was domestically stable
D. a sense of domestic stability
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在美国独立战争之后、确立国家政府之前的那几年，华盛顿为这个新兴的国家提供了敏锐的经济洞察力来稳定国内局势，还对国际形势做出了准确判断。
26Through renowned for his work with the deaf, Alexander
Graham Bell is best remembered for his invention of the telephone, _______.
A. that it was an invention of ingenuity mad impact
B. it was an invention of ingenuity and impact
C. an invention of ingenuity and impact
D. invention ingeniously and impaction
【答案】C
【解析】句意：虽然亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔因其与聋人的工作而闻名于世，但让人印象最为深刻的是他发明了电话，电话是一种十分有创造力和影响力的发明。横线处为telephone的同位语。
27 Coca-Cola, begun in an Atlanta drugstore in 1888, remains a powerful beverage company ________ with numerous
smaller food producers.
A. that has merged
B. that merged it
C. which merging
D. whose to merge
【答案】A
【解析】句意：可口可乐于1888年在亚特兰大创立，一开始是一家药店，其合并了无数家小型食品生产商，至今仍是一家有实力的饮料公司。横线处为定语从句，merge with为固定词组，意思是“合并”。
28 Battles
between ancient armies were usually fought _______ crucial trading route,
fertile agricultural fields, or important sources of water were found.
A. those
B. wherever
C. not only
D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：古代军队之间的战斗通常发生在关键的贸易路线、肥沃的农田和重要的水源所在之处。这句话的主句成分完整，因此后面的句子应该作为状语，后面的句子表示的是地点，因此应选where引导地点状语从句。
29 To
Darwin we _______ that has made the interrelations of organisms central in
modern natural history.
A. have owed the change
B. owing the change
C. the change do owe
D. owe the change
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们应该将生物之间相互关系成为现代自然历史的中心这一变化归功于达尔文。这句话的正常语序应该是“We owe the change that… to Darwin”。
30 Blame for the invention of nuclear weapons must fall upon
________.
A. however conceived their invention in the first place
B. whenever conceived their invention in the first place
C. whatsoever
conceived their invention in the first place
D. whoever conceived their
invention in the first place
【答案】D
【解析】句意：核武器的发明必须归咎于首先构思了这项发明的人。横线处是一个宾语从句，同时引导词要在宾语从句中做主语，D项符合题意。
II. Reading Comprehension
(40%)
Passage 1
According to sociologists, there are several
different ways in which a person may become recognized
as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,
traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents.
In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually
emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger
groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders
are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of
research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category
of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that
all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a
leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular
group.
Furthermore,
although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,
research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that
are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that
emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to
instrumental “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is
leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s
members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the
group than with providing emotional support to members and attempting to
minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive
leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support
to individual members.
Instrumental
leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group
members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit
attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal
or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when
someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to
lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to
divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive
leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;
industrial leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy
more distant respect.
1 What does the
passage mainly discuss?
A. The problems
faced by leaders.
B. How
leadership differs in Small and large groups.
C. How social
groups determine who will lead them.
D. The role of
leaders in social groups.
2 The passage mentions
all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
A. recruitment
B. formal
election process
C. specific
leadership training
D. traditional
cultural patterns
3 In mentioning
“natural leaders”, the author is making the point that
A. few people qualify as “natural leaders”.
B. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist.
C. “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of
a group.
D. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
4 Which of the following statements about
leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. A person who
is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in
another group.
B. Few people
succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C. A person can
best learn how to be an effective leader by studying.
D. Most people
be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
5 The passage indicates
that instrumental leaders generally focus on
A. ensuring harmonious relationships
B. sharing responsibility with group members
C. identifying new leaders
D. achieving a goal
【答案与解析】
1D 本文第一段和第二段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第三段和第四段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。因此正确选项为D。
2C 文中第一段提到“traditional cultural patterns confer leadership…”，说明traditional cultural patterns是人们成为领导的一种方式。后面“leaders are usually chosen formally through
election or recruitment.”说明formal election process和recruitment是人们成为领导的方式，因此，ABD三个选项都在原文中被提及了，正确选项为C。
3B 文中“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that
there is any category of ‘natural leaders.’”这句话的意思是说，数十年的研究却没有揭示出存在任何一类“天然领导者”的可靠证据。因此正确选项为B。
4A 第二段中“It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that
all leaders have in common”意思是说，并不存在所有的领导者并不共有所有个人品质，即某一群体的好领导不一定是另一个群体的好领导。
5D 倒数第二段中“Instrumental leadership… completion of tasks by a social
group.”，即功用型领导是强调完成某社会群体任务。最后一段中“They…may discipline group members who inhibit
attainment of the group’s goals.”，他们会约束那些妨碍群体目标达成的成员。因此可以得出功用型的领导主要关注目标的达成。
Passage 2
For the generation that grew up during the
feminist revolution and the rapid social change of the
1960s and1970s, it at first seemed achievement enough just to “make
it” in a man’s world. But coupled with their ambition, today’s woman have
developed a fierce determination to find new options being both parent and professional without
sacrificing too much to either role or burning themselves out beyond
redemption.
Women have done
all of the accommodating in terms of time, energy and personal sacrifice that
is humanly possible, and still they have not reached true integration in the
workplace. For a complicated set of reasons—many beyond their control—they feel conflict between their
careers and their children. All but a rare few quickly dispel the myth that
superwoman ever existed.
For many women,
profession and family are pitted against one another on a high-stakes collision
course. Women’s values are stacked against the traditions of their professions.
In the home, men and women struggle to figure out how dual-career marriages
should work. Role conflict for women reaches far beyond the fundamental
work/family dilemma to encompass a whole constellation of fiercely competing
priorities. Women today find themselves in an intense battle with a society
that cannot let go of a narrowly defined work ethic that is supported by a
family structure that has not existed for decades. The unspoken assumption persists that there is still a woman
at home to raise the children and manage the household. But the economic
reality is that most people, whether in two-parent or single-parent families,
need to work throughout their adult lives. As a consequence, the majority of
today’s mothers are in the labor market.
The first
full-fledged generation of women in the professions did not talk about their
overbooked agenda or the toll it took on them and their families. They knew
that their position in the office was shaky at best. With virtually no choice
in the matter, they bought into the traditional notion of success in the
workplace—usually attained at the high cost of giving up an involved family
life. If they suffered self-doubt or frustration about how hollow professional
success felt without complementary rewards from the home, they blamed themselves—either
for expecting too much or for doing too little. And they asked themselves
questions that held no easy answers: Am I expecting too much? Is it me? Am I
alone in this dilemma? Do other women truly have it all?
Until now, this
has been a private dilemma, unshared, as each woman was left to forge her own
unique solution to merging her dual loyalties to work and family. Too often she felt that she alone
had failed to achieve a comfortable balance between the two.
6 According to the passage, today’s women
_______.
A. want to
achieve a balance between her loyalties to work and family
B. are stronger
advocates of gender equality than the older generation
C. do not want
to sacrifice anything at all for the desired liberation.
D. are getting
no nearer to achieve their ambition
7 The myth held by some “superwomen” is
that they can _______.
A. reconcile
their careers with parental responsibilities
B. devote
themselves to their career without regard for their children
C. resist the
temptation of their ambition to make great achievements
D. resolve the
conflicts between their careers and children without any sacrifice
8 In what way do women today find
themselves in an intense battle with the society?
A. The society
regards women as less able to perform social tasks.
B. Women do too
much about their career and too little about their families.
C. The society
still holds the traditional image about a family.
D. Women no
longer regard the family as a basic unit of the society.
9 When women fail to achieve a balance
between work and children, they
A. let things go
their own courses
B. admit that
they are not superwomen
C. usually
choose to give up work
D. often blame
themselves for it
10 The author’s attitude towards women’s
dilemma seems to be one of ________.
A. suspicious
B. indifference
C. irony
D. sympathy
【答案与解析】
6A 作者在第一段里指出，如今的女性想要“find new options being both parent and professional without
sacrificing too much to either role or burning themselves out beyond
redemption.”，由此可见她们想要兼顾家庭和职业。
7D 由第二段中“they feel conflict between their careers and their children”可知，这里的超级女性指能够真正解决事业与家庭之间冲突的女性。
8C 作者在第三段里指出，如今的女性是在一个奉行狭隘的职业道德的社会里拼搏，这种职业道德“is supported by a family structure that has not
existed for decades”。
9D 第四段提到“If they suffered self-doubt or frustration about…, they
blamed themselves”，即如果她们自我怀疑或因职业虽成功却不能照顾到家庭而有挫败感时，她们就责备自己。
10D本文叙述了现代女性想要兼顾家庭和事业，对此作者持同情的态度。
Passage 3
When
it comes to singling out those who have made a difference in all our lives, you
cannot overlook Henry Ford. A
historian a century from now might well conclude that it was Ford who most
influenced all manufacturing, everywhere, even to this day, by introducing a
new way to make cars one, strange to say, that originated in slaughterhouses.
Back in the early 1900’s, slaughterhouses used what could
have been called a “disassembly
line”. Ford reversed this process to see if it would speed up production of
a part of an automobile engine called a magneto. Rather than have each worker
completely assemble a magneto, one of its elements was placed on a conveyer,
and each worker, as it passed, added another component to it, the stone one
each time. Professor David Hounshell of the University of Delaware, an expert
on industrial development, tells what happened.
“The previous day, workers carrying out the entire process
had averaged one assembly every 20 minutes. But on that day, on the line, the
assemble team averaged one every 13 minutes and 10 seconds per person.”
Within a year, the time had been reduced to five minutes.
In 1913, Ford went all the way, Hooked together by ropes, partially assembled
vehicles were towed (拖，拉) past workers who completed them one piece at a
time. It hasn’t long before Ford was turning out several hundred thousand cars
a year, are remarkable achievement then. And so efficient and economical was
this new system that he cut the price of his cars in half, to $260, putting
them within reach of all those who, up until that time, could not afford them.
Soon, auto makers the world over copied him. In fact, he encouraged them to do
so by writing a book about all of his innovations, entitled Today and Tomorrow.
The Age of the Automobile has arrived. Today, aided by robots and other forms
of automation, everything from toasters to perfumes is made on assembly lines.
11 Which of the
following statements about Henry Ford is NOT true?
A. He introduced a new way of production.
B. He influenced all manufacturing.
C. He inspired other auto makers.
D. He changed a historian’s mind.
12 The writer
mentions” slaughterhouses” because they were the places where
A. Ford’s assembly line originated
B. Ford made his first car
C. Ford readjusted the assembly line
D. Ford innovated the disassembly line
13 A magneto is a
technical term for
A. an automobile
B. a production line
C. a part of an automobile engine
D. a disassembly line
14 The phrase “turning
out” in the last paragraph could be best replaced by
A. “producing”
B. “selling”
C. “buying”
D. “fixing”
15 The invention of
the assembly line enabled Henry Ford
A. to create more jobs for the unemployed
B. to write a book on history
C. to reduce the price of his cars to $260
D. to cut the production of his cars by 50%
【答案与解析】
11D 第一段中“A historian a century from now might well conclude that…”，这里只是说历史学家可能会得出什么样的结论，并没有说其想法被福特所改变。
12A 第一段中说到“a new way to make cars one…that originated in
slaughterhouses.”。第二段提到，屠宰场用的是拆卸线，福特将这一过程颠倒过来，改成了装配线。由此可见福特的装配线发源于屠宰场。
13C 由第二段中“it would speed up production of a part of an automobile
engine called a magneto”可知，magneto是汽车发动机的一部分。
14A “turning
out”前说到的是汽车的装配，因此其意思是“生产”。
15C 由最后一段中“And so efficient and economical was this new system that he
cut the price of his cars in half, to $260”可知，装配线使福特将汽车的价格降低到260美元。
Passage 4
The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown,
but various studies suggest that its risk factors extend
beyond genetics. Some studies have associated the disease with a lack of
physical activity. Others have linked Alzheimer’s disease to a lack of
stimulating brainwork—fitting a use-it-or-lose-it situation of cognitive
decline.
A new study supports
the view that both kinds of inactivity pose risks. People who have the memory
loss, confusion, and disorientation of Alzheimer’s disease in old age were
generally less active physically and intellectually between the ages of 20 and
60 than were people who don’t have the disease, according to study coauthor
Robert P. Friedland, a neurologist at Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine in Cleveland, and his colleagues.
After
establishing an average overall activity level for all the study’s participants,
the researchers discovered that the Alzheimer’s patients were nearly four times
as likely as the people without Alzheimer’s to fail below that average. In
particular, the non-Alzheimer’s volunteers had devoted more time on average
between ages 40 and 60 to intellectual activities and less to passive ones than
had those who developed the disease. The only single activity in which
Alzheimer’s patients on average significantly outperformed their counterparts
was watching television, Friedland says.
While certain
genetic factors seem to influence the brain deterioration associated with
Alzheimer’s, these don’t account for all cases of the disease. Indeed, studies
of genetically similar people living in separate countries show divergent rates
of Alzheimer disease.
The new study accounted for differences in
education and income but not occupation. It doesn’t
point to a cause of Alzheimer’s or even predict who might develop the disease,
but it does reinforce the value of remaining physically and mentally active,
Friedlmad says. From an evolutionary standpoint, people are still physically
designed to be active hunters and gatherers. “Being a couch potato,” he says,
“is not our natural state.”
Intellectual
stimulation may work the same way, he says. Studies indicate that a higher
educational level makes a person less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
Some researchers suggest that challenging the brain builds reserves of
functional brain tissue that protect people against the disease.
“This is a very
intriguing study” built on “extremely rigorous” data collection, says Mary S.
Mittelman, a scientist at New York University School of Medicine. However, she
wonders why some people are active during their middle years while others
aren’t. Could it be that a sedentary lifestyle really contributes to the
development of Alzheimer’s, or does the illness begin early in life and subtly
steer a person toward such a lifestyle? “It could be a combination of both,”
Friedland says.
16 From the first two paragraphs, we learn that _______.
A. Alzheimer’s
disease has nothing to do with genetic transmission
B. intellectual work may reduce the risk of getting
Alzheimer’s disease
C. an inactive child is more likely to get Alzheimer’s
disease than an active one
D. a lack of physical exercise has been proved to be a
cause of Alzheimer’s disease
17 Alzheimer’s
patients’ watching television is mentioned to suggest that _______.
A. watching television may do great harm to one’s health
B. there is a controversy over whether Alzheimer’s patients
should watch TV
C. one intellectual activity Alzheimer’s patients did more
is watching television
D. passive activities such as watching TV may lead to
Alzheimer’s disease
18 According to the
study, Alzheimer’s disease may have something to do with people’s _______.
A. profession
B. living environment
C. salary
D. nationality
19 The word
“sedentary” (Para. 7) means _______.
A. involving much sitting
B. showing physical fatigue
C. involving much standing
D. showing mental tiredness
20 To which of the
following statements would Friedland most likely agree?
A. Educational difference is a cause of Alzheimer’s
disease.
B. People should participate actively in hunting and
gathering.
C. People’s lifestyle may lead to Alzheimer’s disease and vice
versa.
D. Intellectual work may ward off Alzheimer’s disease
better than physical work.
【答案与解析】
16B 由第一段“Others have linked Alzheimer’s disease to a lack of
stimulating brainwork”可知，有人认为阿兹海默症与缺乏脑力活动有关。
17D 第三段最后作者提到，阿兹海默症患者比其他人多做的唯一一件事情就是“watching television”，由此可见看电视这样的惰性活动可能导致阿兹海默症。
18C 倒数第三段说到新的研究“accounted for differences in education and income but not
occupation.”，由此可见阿兹海默症可能与人们的收入有关。
19A 前文说到，这名科学家想知道为什么有些人在中年时很活跃，而另一些人却没有，后文便据此提出了问题，由此可见这种生活方式是“久坐的生活方式”。
20C 最后一段提出了问题：是久坐的生活方式导致了阿兹海默症，还是早期得了这种病，其潜移默化地引导人们走向这种生活方式？Friedland的回答是“It could be a
combination of both”，即二者可能相互影响，互为因果。
III. Writing (30%)
In an unusually
frank assessment, a top Chinese planning official warned that the gap between
the rich and the poor in China is rapidly widening, Write an essay of about 400
words on the following topic:
The Gap between the Rich
and the Poor
In the first part of your writing you should present your
thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis
statement with appropriate details or examples. In the last part you should
bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar
and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss
of marks.
【参考范文】
The Gap between the
Rich and the Poor
Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up
policy, China has made remarkable achievements. As the world’s second largest
economy, China has maintained a sustained and rapid development. However, under
the rapid development of the economy, China is still faced with a fundamental
problem, which is the gap between the rich and the poor.
As we all know, Gini coefficient is an important indicator
of the gap between the rich and the poor. According to the research, in 2012,
the Gini coefficient of China is 0.474. Based on the theory, 0.4 is the warning
line of the gap between the rich and the poor. The bigger the number is, the
deeper the gap is. Then, why is the gap so huge?
The cause lies
in two aspects. Firstly, it is the result of the economic reform. Some people
of vision seized the opportunities and become millionaires by working hard.
Meanwhile, those who reacted slowly to the policy and the promising situation
remained unchanged and thus still have low incomes. Some
laggard and poor areas are lacking in fund and labor force, so people who live
in poor areas have few chances to make a large quantity of money. The
slow development in agriculture hinders the farmers from raising their living
standards. In addition, state-owned enterprise reform
has directly harmed many workers’ benefits because they had lower salaries and
some even lost their jobs. The closedown of many state-owned enterprises
led to the jobless poverty-stricken.
Fortunately, the
government has realized this problem and began to find solutions. To make
further improvement on narrowing the gap, the government should take more
effective actions to help the poor, and strictly enforce laws to eliminate
corruption in government. In my opinion, the ultimate way is to complete
related rules and laws. Reformation on income distribution should be carried
out and strict income taxation should be made more effective to narrow people’s
income gap. And finally, we must complete tax law to make the rich take their
responsibilities. The traditional “law of value” and “principle of more pay for
more work” should have their final say.
The huge gap between
the rich and the poor in China can’t be ignored, for it will cause lots of
problems. The government should take effective actions immediately to solve
this difficult issue and protect the citizens’ benefits.
【解析】
本题要求以“The Gap between
the Rich and the Poor”为题写一篇400字左右的文章。
范文的第一段提出了中国目前的贫富差距正在加大，第二段用基尼系数说明了这个问题。第三段给出了贫富差距加大的两个理由，一是经济改革中，有远见的人抓住了机遇，创造了财富；二是国有企业改革使大量工人收入减少甚至失业。第四段提出，虽然政府已经采取了一系列应对措施，但应该加强力度，完善法律，保障广大人民的利益。最后一段作者进行了简要总结。
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