考研真题
1. 江西师范大学外国语学院《716综合英语》历年考研真题
2. 全国名校英语翻译与写作考研真题汇总
3. 全国名校基础英语考研真题
考研指导书
1. 张汉熙《高级英语（1）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
2. 张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
江西师范大学外国语学院《716综合英语》历年考研真题AI讲解
书籍目录
2014年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解
2015年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解
2017年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解
2018年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解
部分内容
2014年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. Vocabulary (20×1
points)
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this
part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose
the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet.
1. The troops ______ the city, killing and
injuring hundreds.
A. adverted
B. bombarded
C. sprinted
D. interlocked
【答案】B
【解析】句意：军队轰炸了这座城市，造成数百人伤亡。bombard轰炸，炮击。advert注意；谈到。sprint冲刺，快速跑。interlock连锁，连结。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2. “Senior citizen” is a(n) ______ for “old
person”.
A. mythology
B. onset
C. euphemism
D. pal
【答案】C
【解析】句意：“老年公民”是“老人”的委婉语。euphemism委婉语。mythology神话。onset开始；攻击。pal伙伴，朋友。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. We’re at a critical ______ in terms of
his domestic program.
A. jig
B. martin
C. martini
D. juncture
【答案】D
【解析】句意：就他的国内计划而言，我们正处于一个紧要的关口。juncture特定时刻，关头。jig夹具，吉格舞。martin紫崖燕。martini马提尼（鸡尾酒）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. If he wins this race, it will ______ for
his recent string of defeats.
A. ameliorate
B. atone
C. asperse
D. ascertain
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他赢得这场比赛，这将会弥补他最近一连串的失败。atone弥补，赎罪。ameliorate改善，减轻。asperse诽谤。ascertain确定，查明。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
5. If you ______, you suddenly shout
something, for example because you are very surprised.
A. betoken
B. chide
C. assay
D. ejaculate
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果你突然大喊，往往是因为你感到很惊讶。ejaculate喊出；突然说出（尤指因惊奇）。betoken预示，表示。chide责骂。assay化验；测定。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
6. She trimmed the ______ of the tulips
before putting them in a vase.
A. sprig
B. spruce
C. stakes
D. stalks
【答案】D
【解析】句意：她在把郁金香插进花瓶之前，把花茎修剪了一下。stalk（植物）茎，秆。sprig带叶小枝。spruce云杉。stake桩，棍子；赌注。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
7. Using tanks and heavy ______, they
seized the town.
A. artillery
B. artifice
C. artery
D. artisan
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他们用坦克和重炮占领了这个城镇。artillery大炮。artifice诡计，欺骗。artery动脉；干道。artisan工匠。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
8. She knew that her efforts to ______ cheerfulness
weren’t convincing.
A. ferment
B. fend
C. fester
D. feint
【答案】D
【解析】句意：她明白自己强颜欢笑是瞒不了谁的。feint假装的。ferment发酵；动乱。fend照料；避开。fester溃烂；使……痛苦。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
9. He gave me an ______ either Mary have to
leave, or me.
A. ulcer
B. ultimatum
C. underdog
D. underworld
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他给我下了最后通牒：不是玛丽离开，就是我离开。ultimatum最后通牒。ulcer溃疡，腐烂。underdog失败者。underworld黑社会；地狱。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
10. My bike has had two ______ in the last
3 weeks.
A. purees
B. punctures
C. pumas
D. pundits
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我的自行车在过去三个星期里被扎了两个洞。puncture（轮胎上刺破的）小孔，小洞。puree浓汤，果泥。puma美洲狮。pundit专家，权威。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
11. He left what little furniture he owned
to his landlord in ______ of rent.
A. lilac
B. lesion
C. lieu
D. levity
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他把仅有的几件家具作为租金留给了房东。in lieu of代替。lilac淡紫色，丁香花。lesion损害。levity多变，轻浮。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
12. He went to strike her face but she ______
his hand with her arm.
A. adulated
B. parried
C. harried
D. griped
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他走过去打她的脸，但她用胳膊挡住了他的手。parry回避；挡开。adulate奉承；谄媚。harry（不断）烦扰；纠缠。gripe抱怨；肠胃绞痛。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
13. The ladder ______ dangerously and I
nearly fell off.
A. controverted
B. teetered
C. deciphered
D. derogated
【答案】B
【解析】句意：梯子危险地摇晃起来，我差点摔下来。teeter摇晃，摇摆。controvert否认，驳斥；争论，辩论。decipher破译；辨认。derogate毁损；贬低。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
14. Most political prisoners were freed
under the terms of the ______.
A. curator
B. diocese
C. amnesty
D. inquest
【答案】C
【解析】句意：大多数政治犯是根据大赦的条款被释放的。amnesty大赦。curator监护人；馆长。diocese教区。inquest审讯。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
15. Industrial waste is ______ the
environment.
A. deflected
B. deployed
C. detracted
D. despoiling
【答案】D
【解析】句意：工业废料正在破坏环境。despoil破坏，掠夺。deflect转向；偏斜。deploy部署；展开。detract贬低；转移。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
16. In the suburbs the spacious houses
stand in ______ contrast to the slums of the city’s poor.
A. foolhardy
B. furtive
C. insidious
D. stark
【答案】D
【解析】句意：郊区宽敞的大房子和城里的贫民窟形成了鲜明的对比。stark极端的，赤裸的。foolhardy蛮干的，有勇无谋的。furtive鬼鬼祟祟的。insidious阴险的，狡猾的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
17. If the dam breaks, it will ______ large
parts of the town.
A. inundate
B. bootleg
C. circumvent
D. gird
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果大坝决堤，它将淹没城镇的大部分地区。inundate淹没；泛滥。bootleg非法贩卖。circumvent包围；绕行。gird束缚；嘲笑。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
18. Her later writing so lacked subtlety
that it almost read like a ______ of her earlier work.
A. urn
B. satin
C. consortium
D. parody
【答案】D
【解析】句意：她后期的作品缺乏精妙之处，读起来感觉像是对她早期作品的拙劣模仿。parody拙劣模仿。urn骨灰瓮，大茶壶。satin缎子衣服。consortium财团；联合。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
19. It is a ______ of contemporary psychology that an individual’s
mental health is supported by having good social networks.
A. tenor
B. tenet
C. tensile
D. tentacle
【答案】B
【解析】句意：良好的社交网络有利于一个人的心理健康，这是当代心理学的原则。tenet原则，信条。tenor要旨；男高音。tensile可拉伸的。tentacle触角。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
20. The company’s sales ______ from $11
million to $160 million.
A. zoomed
B. doomed
C. bustled
D. butted
【答案】A
【解析】句意：公司的销售额从1100万美元飙升至1.6亿美元。zoom急剧增长，猛涨。doom注定。bustle喧闹；催促。butt用头顶。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
Ⅱ. Cloze (20×1 points)
From childhood
to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of
ourselves and the world about us. When humans first (21)______, they were like
newborn children, unable to use this (22)______ tool. Yet once language
developed, the possibilities for human kinds future (23)______ and cultural
growth increased.
Many linguists
believe that evolution is (24)______ for our ability to produce and use
language. They (25)______ that our highly evolved brain provides us (26)______ an
innate language ability not found in lower (27)______. Proponents of this
innateness theory say that our (28)______ for language is inborn, but that
language itself develops gradually, (29)______ a function of the growth of the
brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical (30)______ times for
language development.
Current (31)______
of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of
some innate abilities is undeniable. (32)______, more and more schools are
discovering that foreign languages are best taught in (33)______ grades. Young
children often can learn several languages by being (34)______ to them, while
adults have a much harder time learning another language once the (35)______ of
their first language have become firmly fixed.
(36)______ some
aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop
automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been (37)______ from other human
beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that (38)______ with other
human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists
believe that this is even more basic to human language (39)______ than any
innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned
behavior. (40)______, children learn language from their parents by imitating
them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively
reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.
21. A. generated
B. evolved
C. born
D. originated
22. A .valuable
B. appropriate
C. convenient
D. favorite
23. A. attainments
B. feasibility
C.
entertainments
D. evolution
24. A. essential
B. available
C .reliable
D. responsible
25. A. confirm
B. inform
C. claim
D. convince
26. A. for
B. from
C. of
D. with
27. A. organizations
B. organisms
C. humans
D. children
28. A. potential
B. performance
C. preference
D. passion
29. A.as
B. just as
C. like
D. unlike
30. A. ideological
B. biological
C. social
D.
psychological
31. A. reviews
B. reference
C. reaction
D.
recommendation
32. A. In a word
B. In a sense
C. Indeed
D. In other
words
33. A. various
B. different
C. the higher
D. the lower
34. A. revealed
B. exposed
C. engaged
D. involved
35. A. regulations
B. formations
C. rules
D
.constitutions
36. A. Although
B. Whether
C. Since
D. When
37. A. distinguished
B. different
C. protected
D. isolated
38. A. exposition
B. comparison
C. contrast
D. interaction
39. A. acquisition
B. appreciation
C. requirement
D. alternative
40. A.As a result
B. After all
C. In other
words
D. Above all
【答案与解析】
21. B 此处意为：当人类刚刚开始进化，他们如同新生儿一样不会运用语言这种工具。evolve逐渐发展，进化。generate产生。born出生。originate起源于。
22. A 此处意为：语言并不是人类选择的结果，而是人类在进化过程中慢慢发展起来的，对人类来说，应当是珍贵的。valuable珍贵的。appropriate合适的，适当的。convenient方便的，便利的。favorite最喜欢的。
23. A 此处意为：语言的发展增加了人类未来的成就和文化进步的可能性。attainment成就。feasibility可行性。entertainment娱乐。evolution进化。
24. D 此处意为：许多语言学家认为进化使人们产生和具备了语言的能力。固定短语be responsible for对……负责。其他选项不与for搭配。
25. C 根据语法分析，空格后应是一个宾语从句，而A，B，D三项后都不能接从句做直接宾语。confirm确认。inform通知。convince使某人确信。
26. D 固定搭配provide sb. with sth.“向某人提供某物”。
27. B 此处意为：我们高度发达的大脑使我们具备了其他低等动物所不具备的语言能力。显然，这里是把人和低等动物相比较。因此选organisms“有机体，生物体”。
28. A 此处意为：人类的语言潜能是与生倶来的，但语言本身在逐渐发展。potential潜能。performance性能；绩效；表演。preference偏爱。passion激情。
29. A 此处意为：语言本身作为童年时期大脑生长的一种功能，其发展是缓慢的。as作为，符合题意。
30. B 此处意为：语言的发展有一个关键期，人体的成长是生物变化的过程。biological生物的。ideological思想上的。social社会的。psychological心理的。
31. A 此处意为：目前人们对“先天论”观点不一，但是支持某些天生能力的证据却是确凿无疑的。review评论。reference参考。reaction反应。recommendation推荐。
32. C 由31题可知，作者是倾向于先天论的，为了进一步证明先天论是有道理的，作者选择了以学校为例加以说明，因此这里应填一个表示递进关系的词indeed“甚至”。
33. D 此处意为：越来越多的学校发现在什么年级学外语较容易。根据后文的“Young
children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults …”可以选定答案。
34. B 此处意为：通过接触多种语言，孩子们可以学会好几种语言。be
exposed to是固定搭配，意为“接触到”。reveal显露，而reveal sth. to sb在这里不合题意，因为本题中的them指languages。剩余选项不与to搭配。engage in从事。be involved in参与。
35. C 此处意为：一旦母语的规则被深深印入脑海中，成年人就很难再学好另一种语言。rule规则，规律。regulation规定。formation构成，构造。constitution宪法；章程。
36. A 分析上下文的逻辑关系，从句意思是：语言的某些方面肯定是先天的。主句意思是：语言不会在与人隔绝的状况下自行发展。因此，前后应为转折关系。
37. D 此处意为：与人隔绝的儿童不能掌握好一门语言。isolated偏远的；孤立的。distinguished卓越的。different不同的。protected受到保护的。
38. D 此处总结前几句，意为：必须通过与他人交往，语言才能够发展。interaction相互作用；交流。exposition暴露。comparison比较。contrast对比。
39. A 根据分析，本句中的“this”和“even more basic”分别指代上句的“interaction with other
human beings”和“necessary”，此处所填词对应上文中的language
development，即language
acquisition语言习得。appreciation欣赏；感激。requirement要求。alternative供替代的选择。
40. C 本句是以另一种方式解释前文中的“imitative,
learned behavior（模仿性的后天行为）”。in other words换言之，换句话说。as a result结果是。after all毕竟。above all首先。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
(20×2 points)
There are 4 passages in this part. Each
passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there 4 choices marked A,
B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding
letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
If you, like me,
distrust school cafeterias, you pack homemade lunches for your children, as I
did until my sons finished high school. But in the rush to get youngsters up,
dressed, fed and off to school on time, the safety of that packed lunch easily
can be overlooked.
While there are
no statistics on how often schoolchildren are sickened by the lunches they
bring from home, it’s far better to be safe than sorry, said Nancy Donley, the
president of STOP FOODBORNE ILLNESS, an advocacy organization. Ms. Donley, who
lives in Chicago, knows the risks all too well. In 1993 she lost her only child,
6-year-old Alex, to one of the nastiest food contaminants, innocently consumed
in store-bought ground meat. Rather than retreat into a fetal position, she
channeled her grief and anger into helping others avoid a similar tragedy.
According to the
latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in six
Americans will be felled by food poisoning this year, with 128,000 hospitalized
and 3,000 people dying as a result. Thirty-one organisms are known causes of
9.4 million of these illnesses, but 38.4 million people will be sickened by
unknown pathogens. Our extraordinarily complex food supply, with commodities
coming in year round from all over the world, has seriously challenged
government efforts to keep consumers safe.
“Over the years,
we’ve made progress in some areas but gone backward in others,” Ms. Donley said
in an interview. “With so many deaths and illnesses each year from contaminated
foods, there’s still a long way to go.”
While
organizations like hers press for stricter inspection standards from the
government and tighter controls from the food industry, Ms. Donley believes
that consumers also must protect themselves as best they can.
“It’s important
for the public to understand there are risks in food, and it’s up to them to
try to mitigate those risks,” she said. And since children are among the most
vulnerable to severe consequences of food poisoning, it makes sense to start
with the lunches they take to school.
A standard rule
of food safety is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot until it is time to
eat them. Temperatures between 40 degrees and 140 degrees, not uncommon in
packed lunches that sit in warm classrooms for hours, are ideal conditions for
bacterial growth. Insulated lunch boxes can help keep food safer. The best box
(hard-sided or soft) has an insulated lining and a pocket in which to place a
thin freezer pack to help keep the contents cold until they are consumed.
What to put in
those boxes? Foods like peanut butter and sliced cheese can tolerate room
temperatures without spoiling, especially if insulation is lacking. Also
consider pantry-safe foods packed in easy-to-open containers, like tuna that
can be eaten out of a flip-top can, with or without bread.
Boxed milk or
juice sold unrefrigerated is also a safe bet. And you can freeze these (as well
as a water bottle) ahead of time and use them as cold packs; as they defrost,
they’ll keep the rest of the lunch chilled. A number of sandwiches—for example,
those made with lunch meats, tuna or egg salad—can be made the night before and
frozen as well; they’ll defrost by lunch time. If your child likes lettuce and
tomato, pack them separately to be put on the sandwich before eating. If you
include cut-up vegetables, be sure they are washed first and packed in a clean
container. Dried fruits and whole fruits like apples, bananas, oranges and
grapes can round out the meal and can be kept safely at room temperature. But
all fresh fruits, even those that will be peeled, must be washed before they
are put in the lunch box.
Before preparing
food, wash your hands with warm water and soap for 20 seconds. Counter-tops and
cutting boards should be washed as well; they can be sanitized. For the sake of
convenience, I use a spray-on bleach product to clean my countertops and sink,
and I wash everything that comes into contact with raw animal products
immediately after use. Of course, any surface, utensil or hand that comes into
contact with raw meat, poultry, fish or eggs must always be thoroughly cleaned
before being used for other foods, including those same foods after they are
cooked.
Ideally,
children should wash up before lunch, but that may not happen when they have
only 15 to 20 minutes to eat. Alternatively, put a pocket-size hand sanitizer
or moistened antibacterial towelette in the lunch box and instruct them to use
it before they eat.
From The
New York Times, August 29, 2011
41. According to the author, the safety of
homemade lunches ______.
A. is obviously
ensured
B. can be
easily ignored
C. is no better
than food in school cafeterias
D. is known to
all the people
42. Some parties are mentioned in the article in terms of taking
responsibility of mitigating the food poisoning EXCEPT ______.
A. the
government
B. the food
industry
C. the press
D. consumers
43. In order to ensure food safety you
should ______.
A. keep packed
lunches between 40 degrees and 140 degrees
B. keep cold
foods cold and hot foods hot
C. put the food
in lunch boxes with a soft lining and a pocket
D. keep the
lunch boxes in warm classrooms
44. ______ can perfect the meal.
A. Peanut
butter or sliced cheese
B. Boxed milk
or juice
C. Tuna or egg
salad
D. Dried fruits
and whole fruits
45. If there is not enough time to have
lunch, children can wash up by using ______.
A. a spray-on
bleach product
B. warm water
C. soap
D. a
pocket-size hand sanitizer
【答案与解析】
41. B 本题为细节题。根据题干，我们可以参考文章第一段的第二句“But
in the rush to get youngsters up, dressed, fed and off to school on time, the
safety of that packed lunch easily can be overlooked.”人们常常对学校食堂提供的食物抱有不信任的态度，但是早上为了帮助孩子起床、穿衣、吃饭并准时出发去学校，时间会非常匆忙，以至于会忽视所准备的午饭的安全性。因此答案为B。
42. C 本题为细节题。由文章第五段的第一句“While
organizations like hers press for stricter inspection standards from the
government and tighter controls from the food industry, Ms. Donley believes
that consumers also must protect themselves as best they can.”这段话中提到需要对食物安全进行监督的方面有政府、食品行业以及消费者自身，并没有提到媒体，所以应该选择C。
43. B 本题为细节题。文章第七段第一句话告诉我们“A standard
rule of food safety is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot.”，因此选项B正确。本段还提出不要把食物保持在40～140摄氏度之间，因为此温度有利于细菌的滋生，因此选项A和D错误。同时本段还提到了有隔热作用的午餐盒（“Insulated lunch boxes can
help keep food safer.”），并且文章还指出，最好带有隔热衬里和一个可以放置轻薄冷冻包装的小袋子，因此选项C错误。
44. D 本题为细节题。文章第八段中提到选项A（foods like peanut butter and
sliced cheese）可以放在常温下；第九段提到选项B（boxed
milk or juice sold unrefrigerated）也是一个安全的选择，你也可以提前冷藏一下，那么当解冻的时候，正好也可以冷却其他的午餐。这一段还提到了选项C（tuna
or egg salad）可以前一天晚上准备并冷藏起来。同时还可以吃一些水果，使午餐更加完美，当然水果可以放在常温下。综上所述答案为D。
45. D 本题为细节题。先分析一下四个选项：选项A“喷雾漂白产品”可以用来清洗厨房的工作台面和洗涤槽（“I use
a spray-on bleach product to clean my countertops and sink.”）；选项B“温水”和C项“肥皂”是在准备食物之前用来洗手的；选项D“口袋大小的洗手液”是在没有太多时间吃午饭时，为方便起见用来洗手的。因此答案为D。
Passage Two
Biologically,
there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to
laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this
supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process,
laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divide
world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great
many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations
may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share
the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on that most complex and
subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have
a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of
Charlie Chaplin’s early films. The little man at odds with society never fails
to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on
human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, “Men have been wise in very
different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way.”
A sense of humor
may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to an
earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to
maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political
fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the
mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy
is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop sided view of
things.
This is one of
the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim;
we hover so often on the brink of war; political realities are usually enough
to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical
accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out
of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion.
They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic
or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s
Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because
they can’t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we meant to laugh;
but we are meant to weep too. It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to
flourish.
The sense of
humor must be singled out as man’s most important quality because it is associated
with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage,
determination, initiative- these are qualities we share with other forms of
life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. If happiness is one of the
great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.
46. The most important of all human
qualities is ______
[A] a sense of
humor.
[B] a sense of
satire.
[C] a sense of
laughter.
[D] a sense of
history.
47. The author mentions about Charlie
Chaplin’s early films because ______
[A] they can
amuse people.
[B] human
beings are different from animals.
[C] they show
that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
[D] they show
that people have the same ability to laugh.
48. One of the chief functions of irony and
satire is ______
[A] to show
absurdity of actions.
[B] to redress
balance.
[C] to take the
wind out of politicians.
[D] to show too
much grimness in the world.
49. What do we learn from the sentence “it is too powerful a weapon
to be allowed to flourish in totalitarian regimes?”
[A] It can
reveal the truth of political events with satire.
[B] It can
arouse people to riot.
[C] It shows
tragedy and comedy are related.
[D] It can make
people laugh.
50. Who is Swift?
[A] A novelist.
[B] A poet.
[C] A
dramatist.
[D] An
essayist.
【答案与解析】
46. A 文章一开始就提出人类之所以区别于动物是因为人有笑的功能，笑是基于人类最复杂而又微妙的品质――幽默感，这是人类所独有的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
47. C 作者提卓别林电影的目的是证明某些喜剧模式对全世界都有吸引力，即C选项。A选项“它可以取悦任何人”；B选项“人类和动物不同”；D选项“证明人有同样笑的功能。”
48. B B选项意为“使各种事情重新相等和均衡”。第三段着重讲了这一点：人类在痛苦中挣扎，政治实现令人绝望，在这种处境中，对某些政治事物的讽刺挖苦和漫画可以使各种心理重新平衡，可使失去均衡感的政客低下高傲头颅；可使我看见许多深邃的事情荒谬可笑。A选项“表现行为的荒唐”；C选项“使政治家气馁”；D选项“表现世界上太多的令人沮丧之事。”
49. A 由题干定位到倒数第二段的最后一句，结合本段内容可知，A选项“它可以以讽刺的手法解释政治时间的真相”正是对这句话的同义改写。B选项“这可促使人民暴动”；C选项“它表示了悲剧和喜剧相联系”；D选项“它能令人哭”。
50. A 由倒数第二段的“We laugh when a great
satirist like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s Travels”可知，斯威夫特是《格列佛游记》的作者，因此答案为novelist（小说家）。
Passage Three
Can electricity
cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea
seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists
and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to
electro-magnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.
The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into
contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from
power line sand antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because
evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been
hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is
legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now the
alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review,
released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to
the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes
that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely
low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very long wave-lengths—and
leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying
ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz
magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
The report is no
reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small
one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal
of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong
objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that
the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At the heart of
the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an
electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field
that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed
any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so
extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal
measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s
own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high
as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells
will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric
fields that the cells themselves generate.
How could such
minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could
not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of
radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of
the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been
clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control
emissions.
But
epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of
data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work
showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal
tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has
never been found.
The Pentagon is
for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air
Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document”
toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion
that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote
cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend
its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable.
There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy
use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers
to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
51. The main idea of this passage is ______
[A] studies on the
cause of cancer.
[B] controversial
view-points in the cause of cancer.
[C] the
relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D] different
ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.
52. The view-point of the EPA is ______
[A] there is
casual link between electricity and cancer.
[B] electricity
really affects cancer.
[C] controversial.
[D] low
frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
53. Why did the Pentagon and White House
object to the release of the report? Because ______.
[A] it may stir
a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.
[B] every unit
of the modem military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic
equipment.
[C] the
Pentagon’s concern was understandable.
[D] they had
different arguments.
54. It can be inferred from physical
phenomenon ______
[A] the force
of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.
[B] the force
of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.
[C] electromagnetic
field may affect health.
[D] only more
powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.
55. What do you think ordinary citizens may
do after reading the different arguments?
[A] They are
indifferent.
[B] They are
worried very much.
[C] The may
exercise prudent avoidance.
[D] They are
shocked.
【答案与解析】
51. D 文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表明，接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。因此，本题的正确答案为D，即“电力对癌症影响的不同观点”。A，B这两项根本不对，和文中电力毫无关系。而C选项表示“电力和癌症的关系”，文中涉及的只是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种不同观点，而不是两者的关系。
52. A 根据文章第二段第三句“The agency
tentatively concludes that scientific evidence ‘suggests a casual link’ between
extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very long
wave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer,”环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系。因此答案为A“电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系”。
53. B B选项意为“现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于大量应用电子设备。”五角大楼和白宫之所以反对环保署公布报告的理由就在此。空军方面的专家之所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在于此。A选项表示“报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论”，这是结果。C选项表示“五角大楼的关注是可以理解的”，这不是原因。D选项表示“他们有不同的观点”。
54. A 答案在文章第四段的二、三句，即“当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生(影响)力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关这些力可能有害的想法置于一边(不予考虑)，主要是因为它们(所产生的力)非常弱。”因此，答案为A“磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用”。
55. C A选项“漠不关心”可以直接排除，因为这样会直接影响人的性命。B，D这两项也都不可能，因为这个问题还在争议之中，唯一的途径只能是尽量避开和电器接触。因此答案为C。
Passage Four
Greece,
economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm
products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from “invisible
earnings” to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of
things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the
remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional $375 million
and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
It has a
balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense,
the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus—$66 million. Greece
has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign
exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties
to obtain parliamentary majorities.
In thus
summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of
Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe,
and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of
many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities,
and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any
substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:
“Greek
statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign
savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy
of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in
the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”
Great strides
have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to
bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I
talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel
possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area
of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of
opinion and outlook.
Today most of
the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in
many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from
approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new
Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande
Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has
made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome—without the sky-high prices of
traffic-choked streets of either.
56. The title below that best expresses the
ideas of this passage is ______
[A] Greek Income
and Expenditures.
[B] The Improving
Economic Situation in Greece.
[C] The Value
of Tourism.
[D] Military Expenditures.
57. Many peasants earn less than ______
[A] $60 a week.
[B] $2 a week.
[C] $1 a day.
[D] $10 a
month.
58. The Greek Government spends ______
[A] more than
25% of its budget on military terms.
[B] more than
its collects.
[C] a third of
a billion dollars in gold.
[D] less than
25% of its budget on military terms.
59. According to the passage, Greece has ______
[A] a
dictatorship.
[B] a monarchy.
[C] a single
majority party.
[D] too much
red tape.
60. Greece imports annually goods and
materials ______
[A] totaling
almost $700 million.
[B] that
balance exports.
[C] that are
paid by tourists.
[D] costing $66
million.
【答案与解析】
56. B 文章一开始就提出希腊的出口除了农产品之外，没有别的收入，加上无形资产，国家收入也不多。随后第三段指出，希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，并对此进行举例说明。第四段指出希腊开始开拓旅游业。第五段提出今天惊人的变化，旅游业收入可观。因此，文章是围绕“希腊经济形式的改善”这一中心而写。
57. B 由文章第三段的第三句“At best an annual
income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment
plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece.”可知，最佳情况下，年收入为60至70美元是大多数农民的份额。所以B项最接近年收入的实际情况。
58. A 由文章第二段的第二句可知：虽然四分之一的钱用于国防，政府最终还稍有结余――6600万美元。因此，政府收入的25%以上用于军事，答案为A。
59. C 由文章第二段的最后一句可知：希腊的政府不依靠水火不容的政党之间的合作来取得议会的多数席位。这说明是希腊政府是单一大党，答案为C。
60. A 文章第一段中提到：希腊出口商品价值2亿8500万美元，而进口超过出口4亿美元。所以进口为6亿8500万美元，相当于7亿美元左右。因此答案为A。
Ⅳ. Translation
1. Translate the
following into English: (20 points)
比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。
【参考译文】
There are few
words which are used more loosely than the word “civilization”. What does it
mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that
violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and
warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made,
and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are
maintained. That is Civilization—and in its soil grow continually freedom,
comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country: a wider and less
harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the
past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or
valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.
2. Translate the
following into Chinese: (20 points)
The old lady had
always been proud of the great rose-tree in her garden, and was fond of telling
how it had grown from a cutting she had brought years before from Italy, when
she was first married. She and her husband had been travelling back in their
carriage from Rome (it was before the time of railways) and on a bad piece of road
south of Siena they had broken down, and had been forced to pass the night in a
little house by the road-side. The accommodation was wretched of course; she
had spent a sleepless night, and rising early had stood, wrapped up, at her
window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn. She could
still, after all these years, remember the blue mountains with the bright moon
above them, and how a far-off town on one of the peaks had gradually grown
whiter and whiter, till the moon faded, the mountains were touched with the
pink of the rising sun, and suddenly the town was lit as by an illumination,
one window after another catching and reflecting the sun’s beam, till at last
the whole little city twinkled and sparkled up in the sky like a nest of stars.
【参考译文】
老太太总以自家花园里那棵高大的玫瑰树为荣。她非常喜欢告诉别人，那枝数年前她初次结婚时从罗马带回来的枝条，是如何长成如今这般高大的。那时，她与丈夫乘马车从罗马旅行归来(那时还没有火车)，途经锡耶那南部的崎岖路段时，马车坏了，他们被迫就宿于路边的小屋里。当然，住宿条件非常差；她一夜未能安眠，一早便起身穿好衣服，立于窗前，感受着扑面而来的席席凉风，等待着黎明的到来。事隔多年，她仍然记得那时的情景：明月高悬在青山群峦之上。远处山峰上的小镇逐渐明亮起来，月亮慢慢消退，晨曦把群山涂得粉红。突然之间，一束阳光照亮了城镇。城里的窗户相继明亮起来，反射出耀眼的光芒。最后，整个小城宛若繁星，在天空中不停闪烁。
Ⅴ. Writing: (30 points)
Write a composition of about 300 words on
the following expression:
Should Universities Charge High Tuition
Fees?
【参考范文】
Great changes
have taken place since the reform and opening policy, especially the rapid
growth of economy. The average of Chinese salaries has been rising, so it is
the expenditure of life. Nowadays, universities charge higher tuition fees
because of the rapid growth of GDP. Some people support the high tuition fees
because schools need funds to better develop, while others think it’s
inappropriate to charge higher tuition fees because not everyone can afford
them. As far as I am concerned, universities should charge reasonable fees so
that excellent students can enjoy the advanced education in China.
For one thing,
the higher fees can be great burden to the wage earners families. A college
student will need 6000 RMB each year on average. It is not easy for a wage
earner family to save such a large sum of money. What’s worse, some of the
students even borrow money from banks because their families can’t afford it.
For another,
facing the higher tuition fees, some students will give up the chance to be
admitted into universities. As we all know, education is the only way for poor
students to change their fate. But the high tuition fees would deprive their
rights of education. According to the survey, half of the students coming from
remote areas have comparative lower income. The higher fees will be no problem
for the rich families, but students from poor families will have to drop out of
school.
In a word, the
higher tuition fees not only have great influence on the students, but also on
the development of our country. In my opinion, the government and the universities
should take this into consideration. They should charge reasonable tuition fees
and make sure everybody can have the chance to go to college.
【范文点评】
文章第一段开篇指出：随着经济的快速发展，高校学费日益增高。人们对此观点不一。作者的观点是：高校应当合理收费。接下来列举自己的理由。
首先，高昂的学费对贫困家庭而言无疑是一种经济负担，可能会使这些家庭负债累累。其次，高昂的学费也会使一些学生失去接受教育的机会，从长远来看影响社会的公平发展。
结尾总结全文，明确指出高校应当合理收费，政府和高校都应对于这个问题仔细考虑，保障学生受教育的权利，促进社会更好的发展。
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