考研真题
1. 武汉大学外国语言文学学院《611基础英语》历年考研真题
2. 全国名校英汉互译考研真题
3. 全国名校基础英语考研真题
考研指导书
1. 张汉熙《高级英语（1）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
2. 张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（第3版重排版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】
3. 张培基《英汉翻译教程》（修订本）配套题库（含考研真题）
武汉大学外国语言文学学院《611基础英语》历年考研真题AI讲解
书籍目录
2015年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2014年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2013年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2012年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2011年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2010年武汉大学601基础英语考研真题及详解
2009年武汉大学601基础英语考研真题及详解
2008年武汉大学601基础英语考研真题及详解
2007年武汉大学601基础英语考研真题及详解
2006年武汉大学310基础英语考研真题及详解
部分内容
2015年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
I. Close (15×1=15
points)
Direction: Fill in the
numbered blanks with proper words. Among the 20 expressions given; only 15
should be used. Make sure the words come in correct forms in terms of both
grammar and meaning.
|
|
Lyrics, canon, improvisatory,
prolific, bard, stimulate, commenced compile, figure, instantaneously,
sketches, confidential, themes, insurmountable, sham, incorporation
overshadowed, authentic, captured, shipped
Among the many talented African American writers connected with
the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s, Langston Hughes was the most
popular in his time. His two most important achievements were the (1) of the rhythms of black music into his poetry and the creation of an (2) black folk speaker in the character of Jesse B. Semple. Through both
poetry and storytelling. Hughes (3) in written form
the dominant oral and (4) traditions of black culture.
Langston Hughes was born in Missouri in 1902. He began to write
poetry in high school and later attended Columbia University in New York. After
one year at university, Hughes (5) a nomadic
life in the United States and Europe. He (6) out
as a merchant marine and worked in a Paris nightclub, all the while writing and
publishing poetry. His (7) literary career was
launched in 1926 with the publication of his first book, The Weary Blues,
a collection of poems on African American (8) set
to rhythms from jazz and blues. His first novel appeared in 1930, and from that
point on Hughes was known as “the (9) of
Harlem.”
In the activist 1930s, Hughes was a public (10). He worked as a journalist, published works in several media, and founded
African American theaters in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Hughes’s
concern with race, mainly in an urban setting, is evident in his poetry, plays,
screenplays, novels, and short stories. His poetry includes (11) about black life and black pride as well as poems of racial protest.
His major prose writings are those concerned with the character Jesse B
Scruple, a shrewd but supposedly ignorant Harlem resident nicknamed Simple.
Simple was a wise fool, an honest man who saw through (12) and spoke plainly. The Simple stories were originally published as
newspaper (13) and later collected in live book
volumes.
By the 1960s, readers preferred themes that reflected the struggles
of the times, and Hughes’s writings were (14) by
those of a younger generation of black poets. However, in more recent decades,
scholars and readers have rediscovered Hughes and regard him as a major
literary and social influence. His poetry and stories remain an enduring legacy
of the Harlem Renaissance, and for this reason his position in the American (15) is secure.
【答案与解析】
1 incorporation
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整，由and表示并列可知，空格处的词应与creation意思相近。再结合空格后的into，可知空格处应填incorporation，表示“并入，结合”。incorporate sth. into sth.表示“将……融进……”。此处意思为：将黑人音乐的旋律融入他的诗歌。
2 authentic
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填形容词，修饰black
folk speaker。又空格前为不定冠词an，形容词需以元音音素开头，因此空格处应填authentic，结合文学知识可知，Jesse B.
Semple是位“诚实的人”。
3 captured
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词构成谓语部分，结合句意可知，空格处应填captured，用在文化艺术领域表示忠实地记录，有“捕捉”之意。本句意思为：休斯用文字捕捉了黑人文化中即兴口头演奏为主的传统。
4 improvisatory
由and表示并列可知，空格处应填形容词，结合文学常识可知，黑人有着即兴演奏的文化传统，因此空格处应填improvisatory，表示“即兴的；临时的”。
5 commenced
本段主要介绍休斯的生平。通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词来构成谓语部分，联系上下文可知，空格处应填commenced，表示“开启，开始”。本句句意为：读了一年大学之后，休斯开始了在美国和欧洲的流浪生活。
6 shipped
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词使谓语部分完整，空格后的merchant marine表示“商船船员”，因此空格处应填shipped，表示“乘船”。此处句意为：他以商船船员的身份乘船出发。
7 prolific
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填形容词修饰literary
career，结合语境可知，空格处应填prolific，表示“多产的，多创作的”，可用于形容作家和艺术家。
8 themes
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使后置定语完整。结合文学常识和语境可知，空格处应填themes，表示“主题”。此处意思为：以非裔美国人为主题的诗集。
9 bard
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词。联系上下文可知，空格处应填bard，表示“诗人”。此处意思为：自那以后，休斯以“哈莱姆诗人”著称。
10 figure
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整。结合空格后的“journalist”可以判断，空格处应填figure，表示“人物”。public figure表示“公众人物”。
11 sketches
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词与poems构成并列关系。因此，可以判断空格处应填sketches，表示“简要概述；速写”。
12 sham
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，构成定语从句的宾语。结合空格前的honest和空格后的spoke plainly可以判断，空格处应填sham，表示“虚伪，欺骗”。see through看穿，看透。本句意思为：辛普聪明而笨拙，他诚实坦率，看透虚伪，直言不讳。
13 compilations
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整。排除方框中已选词汇，只有compile符合句意，应将动词转化成名词，并用复数形式，因此空格处填compilations，表示“汇编”。newspaper
compilations表示“报刊合集”。
14 overshadowed
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填过去分词，使被动语态完整。结合后一句中的“however”和“rediscovered”可以判断，休斯在20世纪60年代的影响被忽略了。因此，空格处应填overshadowed，表示“使……相形见绌；使……阴暗”。本句意思为：到了20世纪60年代，读者更加青睐反映当时挣扎的主题，比起年轻一代的黑人诗人，休斯的作品便被忽略了。
15 Lyrics
通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词。结合文学常识和语境可知，空格处应填Lyrics，表示“诗歌”。本句意思为：因为这点，休斯确立了自己在美国诗坛的地位。
II. Paraphrase
Part A
Direction: Explain the underlined idiomatic expressions in the following
sentences in your own words in English. (5×2=10points)
2 Henault,
then the great president of the first chamber of the Paris Parlement,
complained bitterly of the “terrible sauces” at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to
observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef,
Brinvilliers, lay in their intentions.
答案：
1 It’s wrong not to allow the working
class people to introduce changes into the language.
be made/be immune to sth.表示“对……免疫；不受……影响”。
2 the onlydifference between Mme. Deffand’s cook and the supreme
chef Brinvilliers can be found in their intentions of cooking and attitudes
towards cooking.
lie in表示“存在于……”。
3 Young people can test their ability in New York and they are
afraid of accepting their most common and easily sold talents.
test考验；测验。banal平凡的；陈腐的。marketable销路好的，有市场的。
4 The crowd interrupted from time to time his rude answer with “Amens”
enthusiastically and excitedly.
punctuate不时打断；强调；加标点。defiant蔑视的；反抗的。
5 The “lost generation”
attitude were obviously influential among writers of their time.
common denominator表示“共同特性”。
Part B
Direction: Paraphrase
the following sentences. (5×3=15 points)
1 The fact that their marriages may be on the rock, or that
they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.
答案：It doesn’t matter a lot whether their marriages
will end or they simply feel bad the minute they get up.
解析：on
the rock表示“触礁；遭遇问题或危险”。get
out of bed on the wrong side表示“一整天都情绪不好”。
2 With a good conscience our only
sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead
the land we love.
答案：Let history finally judge whether we have done
our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we
will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability. Let’s continue to
better the country we love.
解析：conscience良心。deed事迹。
3 The slightest mention of
the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious
questions by the young.
答案：At the very mention of the this post-war period,
middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and young people become
curious and start asking questions.
解析：nostalgic怀旧的。recollection记忆，回忆。
4 It can’t be the living conditions that appeal, for only
fond memory will forgive the inconvenience, risk, and squalor.
答案：The young people come here not for its living
conditions, and only time can help them to forget the bad side of living there:
inconvenience, risk and filth.
解析：appeal吸引。squalor脏乱。
5 Here was a scene so dreadfully hideous, so
intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a
macabre and depressing joke.
答案：The very sight of the region was terribly ugly
and the whole region was so miserable and gloomy that it was hard for anyone to
bear, the scene of which makes all human efforts to advance and improve their
life seems a sad and horrible joke.
解析：dreadfully可怕地。hideous丑恶的；可憎的。bleak阴暗的；凄凉的。forlorn孤独而凄凉的。macabre以死亡为主题的，可怕的。
III. Reading Comprehension (20×2=40 points)
Directions: Read the
following passages and choose the best answer to each of the following
questions.
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 arc based on the following
passage:
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
IN THE ECONOMY
Because most people do not volunteer to pay
taxes or police their own financial affairs, governments cannot influence
economic activity simply by asking people to pollute less, to give money to the
poor, or to be Innovative. To accomplish these things,
governments have to pass laws. Since the early twentieth century, governments
of countries with advanced industrial or service economies have been playing an
increasing role in economics. This can be seen in the growth of government
taxation and spending, in the growing share of national income devoted to
income-support payments, and by the enormous increase in the control of
economic activity.
The large-scale
organization of business, as
seen in mass production and distribution, has led to the formation of
large-scale organizations—corporations, labor unions, and government structures—that have grown in importance in the
past several decades. Their presence and growing dominance have shifted capitalist
economies away from traditional market forces and toward government
administration of markets.
In the United States, government provides a
framework of laws for the conduct of economic activity that attempt to make it
serve the public interest. For instance, the individual states and the federal
government have passed laws to shield investors against fraud. These laws
specify what information has to be disclosed to prospective investors when
shares of stocks or bonds are offered for sale. Another important area of law
concerns the labor force, such as regulation of work hours, minimum wages, health
and safety conditions, child labor, and the fights of workers to form unions,
to strike, to demonstrate peacefully, and to bargain collectively through
representatives of their own choosing.
In other nations, the ways in which governments intervene
in their economies has varied: however, governments everywhere deal with
essentially the same issues and participate in economic activity. Even governments
that are reluctant to regulate commerce directly have undertaken large-scale
projects such as hydroelectric and nuclear energy developments, transportation
networks, or expansion of health, education, and other Public services.
1 According to the passage, why do governments
intervene in economic activity?
A. People do not willingly regulate their own business
affairs.
B. Governments understand the economy better than anyone
else does.
C. Businesses pay governments to participate in economic
activity.
D. The economy would fail without the help of government.
2 According to the passage, how has the growth
of large-scale organizations such as corporations and labor unions affected capitalist
economies?
A. It has forced governments to pass laws protecting
traditional markets.
B. It has destroyed capitalism and replaced it with
government ownership.
C. It has led to the increasing role of government in
economic activity.
D. It has caused unfair competition between large and small
businesses.
3 The author mentions laws to shield investors
against fraud in paragraph 3 as an example of
A. laws that organize business
B. laws that serve the public interest
C. laws that protect the labor force
D. laws that set the price of stocks
4 What point does the author make about
governments that do not want to regulate business directly?
A. They cannot compete effectively with
government-controlled economies.
B. They have capitalist economies based on traditional
market forces.
C. They have no laws for protecting the environment and
public health.
D. They participate in the economy through public projects
and services.
5 According to the passage, all of the
following are examples of government participation in economic activity EXCEPT
A. taxation
and spending
B. small business ownership
C. income-support
payments
D. transportation networks
【答案与解析】
1A 文章开头提到“大部分人不会主动纳税或者管理自己的财务状况，政府也不能仅仅通过要求人们减少污染，给贫困人口捐钱或者创新来影响经济活动”，由此可知，政府干预经济的原因在于人们不会主动管理自己的经济状况。因此，A项正确。其余三项文中均未提到。
2C 由第二段最后一句可知，大型组织如企业、工会和政府部门的出现及日益增长的支配地位削弱了资本主义经济中传统的市场力量，并开始转向政府调控的市场。因此，大型组织的增长增强了政府对经济活动的影响。故C项正确。其余三项文中均未提及。
3B 第三段第一句提到“在美国，政府为经济活动提供一整套法律，旨在保护公众利益”，接着列举了反诈骗的法律，由此可知，反诈骗的法律是为了进一步说明政府制定法律来保护公众利益。故B项正确。A项过于宽泛，并不是这个例子的目的所在。其余两项文中没有提及。
4D 文章最后一句提到“即使政府不愿意直接管理经济，他们也进行了大型工程如……拓展卫生服务、教育以及其他公共服务项目”，由此可知，不愿直接干预经济的政府通过参与公共项目和服务来间接干预。故D项为正确答案。其余三项文中均未提及。
5B
本题考查对政府干预经济的措施的理解。A项“税收和开支”、C项“收入补贴”以及D项“交通运输网络”都属于政府干预经济的措施。而B项“小型企业所有制”属于经济领域客观存在的现象，并未涉及政府对其规定，因此并非政府实施的措施。故答案为B项。
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based the following
passage:
MUSICAL TALENT
Among
all the abilities with which an individual may be endowed, musical talent
appears earliest in life. Very young children can exhibit musical precocity for
different reasons. Some develop exceptional skill as a result of a well-designed instructional regime, such
as the Suzuki method for the violin. Some have the good fortune to be born into
a musical family in a household filled with music. In a number of interesting
cases, musical talent is part of an otherwise disabling condition such as autism or mental retardation. A musically
gifted child has an inborn talent; however, the extent to which the talent is
expressed publicly will depend upon the environment in which the child lives.
Musically gifted children master at an early age the
principal elements of music, including pitch and rhythm. Pitch—or melody—is
more central in certain cultures, for example, in Eastern societies that make
use of tiny quarter-tone intervals. Rhythm, sounds produced at certain auditory
frequencies and grouped according to a prescribed system, is emphasized in
sub-Saharan Africa, where the rhythmic ratios can be very complex.
Children have some aptitude for making music. During infancy,
normal children sing as well as babble, and they can produce individual sounds
and sound patterns. Infants as young as two months can match their mother’s
songs in pitch, loudness, and melodic shape, and infants at four months can
match rhythmic structure as well. Infants are especially predisposed to acquire
these core aspects of music, and they can also engage in sound play that clearly
exhibits creativity.
Individual differences begin to emerge in young children as
they learn to sing. Some children can match large segments of a song by the age
of two or three. Many others can only approximate pitch at this age and may
still have difficulty in producing accurate melodies by the age of five or six.
However, by the time they reach school age, most children in any culture have a
schema of what a song should be like and can produce a reasonably accurate
imitation of the songs commonly heard in their environment.
The early appearance of superior musical ability in some children
provides evidence that musical talent may be a separate and unique form of
intelligence. There are numerous tales of young artists who have a remarkable
“ear” or extraordinary memory for music and a natural understanding of musical
structure. In many of these cases, the child is average in every other way but
displays an exceptional ability in music. Even the most gifted child, however, takes
about ten years to achieve the levels of performance or composition that would
constitute mastery of the musical sphere.
Every generation in music history has had its famous prodigies—individuals
with exceptional musical powers that emerge at a young age. In the eighteenth
century, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began composing and performing at the age of
six. As a child, Mozart could play the piano like an adult. He had perfect
pitch, and at age nine he was also a master of the art of modulation—transitions
from one key to another—which became one of the hallmarks of his style. By the
age of eleven, he had composed three symphonies and 30 other major works.
Mozart’s well-developed talent was preserved into adulthood.
Unusual musical ability is a regular characteristic of
certain anomalies such as autism. In one case, an autistic girl was able to play
“Happy Birthday” in the style of various composers, including Mozart,
Beethoven, Verdi, and Schubert. When the girl was three, her mother called her
by playing incomplete melodies, which the child would complete with the
appropriate tone in the proper octave. For the autistic child, music may be the
primary mode of communication, and the child may cling to music because it represents
a haven in a world that is largely confusing and frightening.
6 The author makes the point that musical
elements such as pitch and rhythm
A. distinguish music from other art forms
B. vary in emphasis in different cultures
C. make music difficult to learn
D. express different human emotions
7 According to the passage, when does musical
talent usually begin to appear?
A. When infants start to babble and produce sound patterns
B. Between the ages of two and four months
C. When children learn to sing at two or three years old
D. Between ten years old and adolescence
8 According to the passage, which of the
following suggests that musical talent is a separate form of intelligence?
A. Exceptional musical ability in an otherwise average
child
B. Recognition of the emotional power of music
C. The ability of all babies to acquire core elements of
music
D. Differences between learning music and learning language
9 All of the following are given as examples of
exceptional musical talent EXCEPT
A. a remarkable “ear” or perfect memory for music
B. ability to compose major works at a young age
C. appreciation for a wide variety of musical styles
D. playing a single song in the style of various composers
10 Which of the following can be inferred from
the passage about exceptional musical ability?
A. It occurs more frequently in some cultures than in
others.
B. It is evidence of a superior level of intelligence in
other areas.
C. It bas been documented and studied but is little
understood.
D. It is the result of natural talent and a supportive
environment.
【答案与解析】
6B 由关键词“pitch and rhythm”可定位至文章第二段。第二、三句提到音高在某些文化中更加明显，而撒哈拉以南地区的非洲地区则强调节奏。由此可知，音高和节奏因文化而异。故B项正确。其余三项文中均未提及。
7C 第四段第二句提到“一些儿童在两、三岁时就能够唱出歌曲的大部分内容，而许多其他儿童在这个年纪只能大概掌握音高”，由此可知，两、三岁这个时间段可以看出音乐天赋。故C项正确。A、B两项叙述的都是儿童的一般情况。D项文中没有提及。
8A 倒数第三段第一句提到“一些儿童在早期就展示出非凡的音乐能力可以证明音乐天赋可能是种独立存在的特殊智力”，接着第三句提到“在许多情况下，孩子在其他各方面都很普通，但却表现出特殊的音乐才能”，由此可知，其他各方面平庸但在音乐领域出众可以表明音乐是种独立存在的智力。因此，A项为正确答案。
9C 文章倒数第三段第二句提到A项；倒数第二段引用莫扎特的例子，呼应B项；最后一段的自闭症女孩的事例对应D项。只有C项文中没有提及。因此，本题应选C项。
10D 文章首段最后一句提到“有音乐才华的孩子确实天赋异禀；然而，天赋公众于世的程度将取决于孩子生活的环境”，由此可知，优秀的音乐能力是天赋和良好环境共同促成的。故应选D项。文中仅提到音高和节奏因文化而异，并未说明音乐能力会因文化而异，因此A项错误。文章第一段和最后一段都提到有着特殊音乐天赋的孩子可能在其他方面不足，因此B项错误。C项文中没有提及。
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based the following
passage:
THE COYOTE
All
North American canids have a doglike appearance characterized by a graceful body,
long muzzle, erect ears, slender legs, and bushy tail. Most are social animals
that travel and hunt in groups or pairs. After years of persecution by humans, the populations of most
North American canids, especially wolves and foxes, have decreased greatly. The
coyote, however, has thrived alongside humans, increasing in both numbers and
range.
Its common name comes from coyotl, the
term used by Mexico’s Nahuatl Indians, and its scientific name, canis latrans, means
“barking dog”. The coyote’s vocalizations are varied, but the most distinctive
are given at dusk, dawn, or during the night and consist of a series of barks
followed by a prolonged howl and ending with short, sharp yaps. This call keeps
the band alert to the locations of its members. One voice usually prompts
others to join in, resulting in the familiar chorus heard at night throughout
the West.
The best runner among the canids, the coyote is
able to leap fourteen feet and cruise normally at 25-30 miles per hour. It is a
strong swimmer and does not hesitate to enter water after prey. In feeding, the
coyote is an opportunist, eating rabbits, mice, ground squirrels, birds, snakes,
insects, many kinds of fruit, and carrion—whatever is available. To catch
larger prey, such as deer or antelope, the coyote may team up with one or two
others, running in relays to tire prey or waiting in ambush while others chase
prey toward it. Often a badger serves as involuntary supplier of smaller prey:
while it digs for rodents at one end of their burrow, the coyote waits for any
that may emcee from an escape
hole at the other end.
Predators of the coyote once included the
grizzly and black bears, the mountain lion, and the wolf, but their declining populations
make them no longer a threat. Man is the major enemy, especially since coyote
pelts have become increasingly valuable, yet the coyote population continues to
grow, despite efforts at trapping, shooting, and poisoning the animals.
11
According to the passage, the coyote is unlike other North American canids in
what way?
A. The coyote’s body is not graceful.
B. The coyote is not hunted by humans.
C. The coyote population has not decreased.
D. The coyote does not know how to swim.
12
All of the following statements describe the coyote’s vocalizations EXCEPT
A. Vocalizations communicate the locations of other
coyotes.
B. The coyote uses its distinctive call to trick and catch
prey.
C. A group of coyotes will often bark and howl together.
D. The coyote’s scientific name reflects its manner of
vocalizing.
13
According to the passage, the
coyote is an opportunist because it
A. knows how to avoid being captured
B. likes to team up with other coyotes
C. has better luck than other predators
D. takes advantage of circumstances
14
According to the passage, the chief predator of the coyote is
A. the wolf
B. the mountain lion
C. the human
D. the grizzly bear
15
According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT
A. The coyote is a serious threat to human activities.
B. The coyote is a skillful and athletic predator.
C. The coyote hunts cooperatively with other coyotes.
D. The coyote survives despite persecution by humans.
【答案与解析】
11C 文章第一段最后一句提到“郊狼和人类一起发展壮大，在数量和种类上都有所增加”，由此可知，C项正确。文章第一句提到所有北美犬类都体形优美，因此A项错误。文章最后一段提到人类对郊狼的捕杀，因此B项错误。文章第三段明确提到“郊狼会毫不犹豫地跳进水中捕获猎物”，因此D项错误。
12B 根据关键词“vocalization”可定位至第二段。本段倒数第二句提到郊狼的叫声让整群狼注意到成员的位置，因此A项正确。由本段最后一句的“chorus”可知C项正确。文章第一句提到郊狼的学名叫canis latrans，意为“吠叫的狗”，因此D项正确。文中没有明确指出郊狼用叫声来诱捕猎物。因此，本题选B项。
13D 由关键词“opportunist”可定位至倒数第二段。最后两句介绍郊狼在捕获猎物时的特性，它们会其他动物组成团队，当其他动物追赶猎物时，它们或接力追赶猎物或隐藏起来。这表示郊狼非常擅长审时度势，利用环境创造优势。因此，本题选D项。A、C两项文中没有提及；文中只提到郊狼会和其他动物组成团队，并未明确指出“喜欢组成团队”，所以B项错误。
14C 由关键词“predator”可定位至最后一段。第二句提到“人类现在成为（郊狼）主要敌人”，由此可知，郊狼的主要掠夺者是人类。其余三项均是郊狼曾经的掠夺者。故A项正确。
15A 由文章倒数第二段第一句可知，郊狼擅长奔跑，因此B项正确。由倒数第二段第二句中的“team up”可知C项正确。文章最后一句提到“郊狼数量继续增加，尽管人类努力对其进行设陷捕捉、枪杀和下毒”，因此D项正确。只有A项文中没有提及。故答案为A项。
Passage Four
Questions 16 to 20 are based the following
passage:
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
TIDES
Tides are a natural phenomenon involving the
alternating rise and fall in the earth’s large bodies of water caused by the gravitational
pull of the moon and the sun. The combination of these two variable forces
produces the complex recurrent cycle of the tides. Tides may occur in both
oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes, the atmosphere, and to a
very minute degree, in the earth itself.
The force that generates tides results from the
interaction of two forces: the centrifugal
force produced by the revolution of the earth around the center-of-gravity of the earth-moon system; and the gravitational attraction of
the moon acting upon the earth’s waters. Although the moon is only 238,852
miles from the earth, compared with the sun’s much greater distance of 92,956,000
miles, the moon’s closer distance outranks its much smaller mass, and thus the moon’s
tide-raising force is more than twice that of the sun.
The tide-generating forces of the moon and sun
cause a maximum accumulation of the waters of the oceans at two opposite positions
on the earth’s surface. At the same time, compensating amounts of water are
drawn from all points 90 degrees away from these tidal bulges. As the earth
rotates, a sequence of two high tides and two low tides is produced each day.
Successive high tides occur on an average of 12.4 hours apart. High tide at any
given location occurs when the moon is overhead and low tide when it is at
either horizon.
The highest and lowest levels of high tide,
called spring tide and neap tide, each occur twice in every lunar month of
about 27.5 days. A spring tide occurs at the new moon and at the full moon, when
the moon and earth are lined up with the sun, and thus the moon’s pull is
reinforced by the sun’s pull. At spring tide, the difference between high and
low tides is the greatest. A neap tide, the lowest level of high tide, occurs
when the sun-to-earth direction is at right angles to the moon-to-earth
direction. When this happens, the gravitational forces of the moon and sun
counteract each other; thus, the moon’s pull is at minimum strength and the
difference between high and low tides is the least. Spring and neap tides at
any given location have a range of about 20 percent more or less, respectively,
than the average high tide.
The vertical range of tides—the difference
between high and low—varies according to the size, surface shape, and bottom topography
of the basin in which tidal movement occurs. In the open water of the Central
Pacific, the range is no more than about a foot; in the relatively small,
shallow North Sea, it is about 12 feet. Along the narrow channel of the Bay of
Fundy in Nova Scotia, the difference between high and low tides may reach 45
feet under spring tide conditions—the world’s widest tidal range. At New
Orleans, which is at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the periodic rise and
fall of the tides varies with the river’s stage, being about ten inches at low
stage and zero at high. In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably
from the average.
Several factors affect tidal ranges, including
abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure or prolonged periods of extreme high or
low pressure. They are also influenced by the density and volume of seawater,
variations in ocean-current velocities, earthquakes, and the growing or
shrinking of the world’s glaciers. In fact, any of these factors alone can
alter sea level. The greater and more rapid the change of water level, the
greater the erosive effect of the tidal action, and thus in the amount of
material transported and deposited on the shore.
16 According to the passage, the force that
generates tides on the earth is
A. the gravitational pull of the earth’s core
B. the same force that generates tides on the moon
C. abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure
D. a combination of gravity and centrifugal force
17 According to the passage, the moon
A. has a greater mass than the sun
B. is farther from the earth than the sun
C. has a gravitational pull toward the sun
D. affects tides more than the sun does
18 What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about
tides in different places on the earth?
A. High tide occurs at every location on the
earth at the same time.
B. When it is high tide in some places, it is
low tide in other places.
C. Some places have two high tides each day, but
others have only one.
D. The time between high and low tides is the
same in different places.
19 A spring tide occurs at the time of the
lunar month when
A. the moon’s gravitational pull is at its
strongest
B. the moon appears as a crescent or half-circle
C. the sun does not exert any gravitational
force
D. the difference between high and low tides is
the least
20 All of the following are mentioned as
influences on the vertical range
of tides EXCEPT
A. the size and shape of the body of water
B. sudden changes in atmospheric pressure
C. increasing levels of pollution in the oceans
D. changes in the size of the world’s glaciers
【答案与解析】
16D 根据题干关键词“the force that
generates tides”可定位至第二段。该段首句明确指出“引发潮汐的力量来自两种引力相互作用：地月系统中地球自转的地心引力和月球对 地球水体的引力”，由此可知，D项为正确答案。A项“地心引力”只是潮汐产生的力量之一；B项文中没有提及；C项“气压的突然改变”是影响潮汐强弱的因素。
17D 根据题干可定位至文章第二段。该段最后一句提到“月球引发潮汐的力量是太阳的两倍”，由此可知D项为正确答案。A项“月亮的质量比太阳大”文中没有提及；文章第二段最后一句提到太阳与地球的距离远远大于月球与地球的距离，因此B项错误；C项“月球对太阳的引力”文中没有提及。
18B 由第三段最后一句“当月亮处于水位正上方时就会造成高潮，处于水平面时就会造成低潮”，结合地理知识可知，某个地方出现高潮时，其他地方则会出现低潮。因此，B项正确。同样由本段最后一句可知，A项“地球上每个地方的高潮发生在同一时间”说法错误；本段倒数第二句提到“随着地球自转，每天可以连续出现两次高潮和两次低潮”，故C项错误；本段只提到“连续两次高潮的间隔时间平均为12.4小时”，没有提到“不同地点的高潮和低潮间隔时间是相同的”，因此D项错误。
19A 由题干中的关键词“spring tide”可定位至文章倒数第三段。第二句提到“春潮发生在新月和满月时期，当月球、地球和太阳三者位于一条线上时，在太阳对地球引力的作用下，月球对地球的引力也有所增强”由此可知，春潮发生时月球对地球的引力最强，故A项正确。B项“月亮是新月或半圆状态”说法错误；C项“太阳不产生任何引力”说法错误；由本段第三句可知，春潮发生时，高潮和低潮之差是最大的，因此D项错误。
20C 根据题干关键词“the vertical
range of tides”可定位至最后两段。倒数第二段第一句提到“水体的大小、表面形状和底部地形会影响潮汐的垂直高度变化”，最后一段提到影响潮汐变化的因素包括“气压的突然变化”、“世界冰川的增长和缩小”，由此可知A、B、D三项为影响潮汐垂直高度变化的因素，惟有C项文中没有提及。故本题选C项。
IV. Translate the
following sentences into English (5×3=15 points)
1 我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们。只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军备威慑敌人时，我们才能确保这些军备永远不会被使用。
答案：We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only
when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that
they will never be employed.
2 遇到一个潮流就紧跟，沉溺于愚蠢之事，仅仅因为别人都在那么干——这在我看来，简直愚蠢透顶。
答案：To be swept up in every new craze that comes
along, to surrender oneself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing
it—this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness.
3 科学家是一群努力洞悉自然，在表面杂乱无序中寻求规律的人。
答案：Scientists are a small group of people who
strive to gain insights into nature, seeking order in seeming disorderliness.
4 更加微妙但却非常普遍的是，教育的普及和民主的发展也给英语带来一些影响。
答案：More subtly, but pervasively, it has changed
under the influence of mass education and the growth of democracy.
5 迄今为止，地球大气层最重要的变化始于上世纪初的工业革命，变化速度自那以后逐渐加快。
答案：But the most significant change thus far in the
earth’s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial revolution early
in the last century and has picked up speed ever since.
V. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese
(20 points)
Fame is very much like all animal chasing its own tail who, when
he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing
it. Fame and the exhilarating celebrity that accompanies it force
the famous person to participate in his or her own destruction. Ironic
isn’t it?
Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing
a single talent or skill. The successful performer develops a style that
is marketed aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is
this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue
performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and
to enjoy. Fame turns all the lights on and while it gives power and
prestige, it takes you out of you: you must be
what the public thinks you are, not what you really are or could be. The
demand of the public holds the artist hostage to his or her own success, fame. If
the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or acting, etc. The
audience may turn away and look to confer fleeting fickle fame on another.
Fame brings celebrity and high regard from adoring and
loyal fans in each field of endeavor and it is heady stuff. But
here the bare truth is: for most people failure is the end of their
struggle, not the beginning,
and there are few, if any, famous
failures.
【参考译文】
声誉很像一只追逐自己尾巴的动物，抓住后除了继续追逐不舍之外，再也没有其他方法了。声誉与随之而来的令人兴奋的赞扬将这位出了名的人逼上绝路。这难道不令人啼笑皆非吗？
在已经出了名的人们中间，绝大多数是因为一技之长。这位成功的表演者展示出一种在市场上可以争雄制胜的风格，因而获得声誉。而且也就是这种声誉常使表演者确信必须把这种风格坚持下去，因为看来这正是大众所需要和喜爱的。声誉把一切灯光打亮，一边给你权力和威望，另一边也把“你”赶出你的自身之外：你必须成为大众意想之中的你，而不是那个真实的你或者可能实现的你。为了维持自己的成功和声誉，群众的要求竟把这位艺术家如人质般束缚住了。如果这位艺术家企图改变笔调、舞步、唱腔的话，听众和观众就会舍他而去，把那飘忽不定的声誉转移给别人。
在每个领域里，出了名就会招致一些虔诚追随者的赞扬和尊崇，但这也是一种容易使人陶醉。但赤裸裸的真相是，对多数人来说，失败是奋斗的结束，而不是开始。成名的失败事例即使有，也是少数。
VI Writing (35 points)
Direction: In
this part, you are supposed to write a composition of about 300 words
based on the following information. In the first part of your composition you should
present your thesis statement; in the second part, you should
support the thesis statement with details; and in the last
part, you should bring what you have written to a natural
conclusion. Remember to write a title for your composition.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar
and diction. Failure to follow the above instructions may
result in a loss of scores.
Some people believe that
schools should primarily teach students how to best compete with others. Other
people believe that schools should primarily teach students how to cooperate
with others. Which of these approaches do you favor?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
【参考范文】
School’s Teaching Task: Competition or Cooperation?
Both competition and cooperation are indispensible in the
development of humankind. It’s through competition with enemies that they are
forced into development and improvements, but it’s through cooperation of
individuals and teams that they eventually survive. As to whether competition
or cooperation should become the teaching task of schools, opinions divide,
with some stand for competition while others support cooperation. All things
considered, cooperation should be imparted to students in schools due to the
fact that it’s harmful to stress competition in school education and there is
nothing to lose if students are taught to cooperate.
On the one hand, competition results in anxiety and stress
and is hurting to interpersonal relationships. To begin with, anxiety and
stress brought about by competition are harmful for students’ growth. With
individual marks and performances being repeated over and over again by
teachers to trigger students to work harder, anxiety and stress may be
instilled into students. Even adults have difficulty coping with anxiety and
stress, let alone immature children in schools. The harm is huge and
irrevocable if there are spiritual break-downs when they fail to deal with the
stress of competition. Moreover, competition will hurt students’ interpersonal
relationships. With students competing with one another, it’s difficult to
befriend with others since they have to “plot against” others. Nevertheless,
friendship is indispensible for students’ development. They need friends to
share secrets and to pour out unhappiness.
On the other hand, cooperation is beneficial in that it
develops friendship and promotes harmony among students. When students are
learning to cooperate with others, they are trying to understand and accept
others through communication. Mutual understanding will promote harmony in society.
Besides, cooperation is beneficial for better development, just as an old
saying goes “many hands make light work”. If students are conscious of
team-work spirit, they will undoubtedly make better use of time and efforts to
complete tasks.
Since competition can generate stress and harm friendship
while cooperation can promote friendship and development, cooperation instead
of competition should be included in students’ school learning. With the weapon
of cooperation, students can perform more effectively and efficiently.
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