对外经济贸易大学861综合英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 对外经济贸易大学英语学院《861综合英语》历年考研真题

2. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题

3. 全国名校英美文学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）

2. 刘润清《新编语言学教程》配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

3. 2026年英美文学考研题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】

对外经济贸易大学英语学院《861综合英语》历年考研真题AI讲解

书籍目录

部分内容

2007年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及详解

Part One Topic Sentences（20
points）

Complete the text by writing in the
blank a topic sentence for the paragraph. Write your answers on the Answer
Sheet.

Earlier, we
described as ‘infernally difficult’ the task of writing minutes that not only
record decisions but also summarize the gist of the discussion during a
meeting. We know the frustrations: you have to try to follow, to make notes on,
and then to summarize the rambling repetitive, often irrelevant, and sometimes
incoherent utterances of committee members. We have yet to find anyone who
responds happily to a request to ‘just take the minutes’!

(1)___________________.
The secretary’s job should be to listen to what is being said, to extract the
essence of each utterance, and to record as much as he or she thinks will give
a true and adequate impression of each speaker’s contribution. A full
participant in the meeting should be doing more than this. His/her job is not
only to listen carefully, and to extract the essence of each utterance; it is
also to evaluate each utterance, to formulate complementary or contradictory
contributions, and to express them coherently at appropriate moments. It is
impossible to fulfill both the secretarial role and the full participatory role
at the same time. So we urge you to decline to be minute-taker if you are
supposed to be a full participant in the meeting.

It is also
difficult to sift valuable points from redundancies and irrelevances. We regret
that we know of no magic method or formula for doing this. And we know of no
sure way of ensuring that you do not offend some committee members by reporting
more of someone else’s views than you report of theirs. One tip we can offer is
that, when you write the minutes, you avoid simply reflecting the sequence and
length of contributions from each member. It is probable that the notes you
make will be in chronological order, and will reflect roughly the amount said
by each member. When you come to write the minutes, you may find it effective
to record the principal points of view, irrespective of the exact sequence in
which they were expressed, and to add a note of which members supported each
point of view（if
that is relevant）.
Focus on gathering points, not on extracting something from each contribution.

(2)___________________.
Tony Buzan advocates that key words and phrases are all that are needed to
recall information, and these words and phrases can be related in spider-like
shapes or molecular networks. The names of people supporting particular points
of view can be attached to the key words, if necessary. Practice is needed to
use this technique efficiently. Your record looks messy, but as Buzan points
out ‘the word messy refers to the look and not the content’.

(3)___________________.
In minutes of the first type（brief, formal minutes）, no record should be made of proposals or amendments that were
discussed and rejected. No record need be kept of the vote. All that need be
recorded is the positive decisions that were reached by a simple majority vote（or other majority, if a special
majority is written in to the organization’s constitution）. What the organization decided
not to do is, so runs the theory, irrelevant; and it is irrelevant in the
British democratic system whether the majority in favour or against was large
or small.

Such a theory
may be acceptable for the formal running of institutional bodies; but it is
rarely judged acceptable in business and industry. In large research
departments, for example, there is usually considerable value in recording what
products, policies or processes were considered or rejected（or left for later action）during a research programmed. Thought
it may seem tiresome to have to record such information ‘for the archive’, the
archive may be vital as a means of preventing waste of time and money on ‘re-inventing
the wheel’s in later years. Equally important, your company’s culpability for
loss or damage may depend heavily on your ability to show the possibilities and
contingencies that were considered before a certain positive line of action was
chosen.

(4)___________________.
The detail must be comprehensible not only to those who were present at the
meeting, but also to those who were not-and especially to those who read the
minutes sometime after the events/decisions that are recorded.

(5)___________________.
In meetings that lack good leadership, and/or that pride themselves on arriving
at decisions by consensus, there is often considerable confusion about the
precise wording of what has been decided. A good chairperson will state the
proposition clearly before any vote is taken; but where that is not done, and
where there is continued discussion after such a statement, we recommend that
you establish a practice of reading out to the meeting immediately after each decision
the words you have used to record that decision. Train you chairperson the
allocate time to this checking activity, or be sure to intervene yourself, so
that there can be no argument subsequently about what was agreed.

【答案】

(1) It is difficult to be both a secretary
and a full participant in a meeting.

(2) Take down the key words and phrases.

(3) Record the decisions reached by a
majority vote of the organization.

(4) Make the details of your minutes
intelligible.

(5) State clearly the decision to the
meeting after each discussion.

Part Two Paraphrasing（20
points）

Paraphrase the underlined part in
English. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

1 In the United States it was reluctantly realized by
some-subconsciously if not openly-that our country was no longer isolated in
either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international
stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial
walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two
bordering oceans.

【答案】The United States has set up an international stature; the stature
makes us not be able to withdraw with an excuse of moral or ethics when there
comes some problem, and also when the problems appear, when cannot evade by
taking advantage of the geological isolation.

2 The automobile illustrates the point with great clarity. A
technological innovation like streamlining or all-welded body construction may
be rejected initially, but if it is important to the efficiency or economics of
automobiles, it will reappear in different ways until it is not only accepted
but universally regarded as an asset. Today’s automobile is no longer unique
to a given company or even to a given national culture. Its basic features are
found, with variations, in automobiles in general, no matter who makes them.

【答案】In the present world, automobiles cannot be the symbol or the
indicator of a certain company or culture, that’s to say, we cannot judge a
given culture from the cars, because, all the cars nowadays are generally share
the same features, no matter where they are produced.

3 Modern art opens on a word whose reality is not “out there” in
nature defined as thing seen from a middle distance but “ in here” in the soul
or the mind. It is a world radically emptied of history because it is a form
of perception rather than a content.

【答案】The world described by modern art is a world totally without
history, because what modern art describes is not a concrete world, but a world
in people’s mind.

4 I believe that death may be the most important part of life
and life is infinitesimally brief in relation to the immensity of eternity.
Because of my religious faith, I shall “return to the Father” in an
afterlife that is beyond description. I believe, that though my life was
short in years, it was full of experience, joy, love and accomplishment.

【答案】I think death is the most important thing in life, and compared with
the endless afterlife, the present life is fairly small and short. I’m a follow
of religion, so I believe death will bring me to God and will open me an
afterlife, the wonderfulness of which cannot be described by words.

Part Three E-C
Translation（25 points）

1 The relation between parent and child has cruel moments for the
parent even when money is no object, and the material worries are delegated to
servants and school teachers. The child and the parent are strangers to one
another necessarily, because their ages must differ widely. Read Goethe’s
autobiography; and note that thought he was happy in his parent’s and had exceptional
powers of observation, divination, and story-telling, he knew less about his
father and mother than about most of the other people he mentions.

【参考译文】

即使金钱不构成限制因素，即使物质忧虑都被仆人或教师承担了，父母与孩子之间的关系对父母来说也仍然存在一些痛苦时刻。父母和孩子必然彼此陌生，因为他们的年龄差距很大。读歌德的自传时，我们注意到，虽然他在父母家十分高兴，格外具有观察力、预知力和故事讲解能力，他对父母的了解却比他对所提到的大部分人的了解要少。

2 Foreign direct investment is the major form of international
investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign
country for the purpose of controlling and managing them. Why does FDI occur?
An instinctive answer to the question by many people may be that the rates of
investment returns are higher in a foreign country. This answer, thought
seemingly plausible, is actually farfetched. Just think of the fact that
Britain is both a major source of FDI in the United States and an important
destination for FDI from the country. We cannot say the rates of investment
returns in the United States is at the same time higher than those in Britain
which explains investment into it and lower which justifies capital flow to the
opposite direction.

【参考译文】

对外投资是国际投资的主要方式，凭借对外投资，一国居民可获取另一国的资产并对其实施掌控和经营。为什么要进行对外投资？许多人对该问题的直觉回答可能是“对外投资，利润更高”。这一回答貌似说服力十足，实则相当牵强。以英国为例吧，它是美国获取外资的一个主要来源，同时也是美国外资投放的一个重要目的地。我们不能说美国的投资利润率比英国高，又比英国低，不能用高来解释外资进入的原因，用低来解释其对英投资行为。

Part Four C-E
Translation（30 points）

Translate the six short paragraphs into
English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

1 世界上存在着不少不稳定的因素，地区冲突和摩擦此起彼伏，恐怖主义活动猖獗，南北差距拉大，非传统安全威胁上升，人类面临许多严峻挑战，国际社会实现持久和平、共同繁荣任重而道远。

【参考译文】

In today’s
world, there are still quite some factors of instability and uncertainty.
Frequent regional frictions and conflicts, rampant terrorist activities, the
widening North-South gap and rising nontraditional security threats all pose
severe challenges to mankind. The international community is currently facing
an uphill struggle to achieve lasting peace and common prosperity.

2 为尽早启动新一轮多边谈判，与会代表呼吁各方，尤其是发达成员表现出足够的灵活性。在日内瓦负责谈判的代表保持灵活性固然重要，而来自他们各自政府的灵活政策推动更具有重要性。

【参考译文】

To start earlier
a new round of multilateral negotiation, the negotiators appeal that every
member, especially the developed members should show sufficient flexibility. It’s
important that the negotiators in Geneva be flexible, and the support of the
flexible policy from their governments respectively will be more important.

3 修建青藏铁路这条世界上海拔最高和线路最长的高原铁路，是人类铁路建设史上前所未有的伟大壮举。青藏铁路建设者们在挥汗谱写这部“天路传奇”的同时，也为我们创造了一项又一项世界之最。

【参考译文】

Building the
longest railway at the highest elevation in the world was indeed a brilliant
feat of engineering unmatched in the history of railway construction. The
construction crews built the “sky railroad” by the sweat of their brow, and
their accomplishments have created a number of world records.

4 尽管古人把书说成“浩如烟海”，书的世界却真正的“天涯若比邻”，这话绝不是唯心的比拟。世界再大也没有阻隔。

【参考译文】

Despite the
ancient saying about books being like a vast ocean, the distant world of books
could be actually deemed as close as a next-door neighbor, which is not merely
an idealistic metaphorical assertion. For in the world of books there are no
longer any barriers.

5 生活的经验固然会叫人忘记许多事情。但是有些记忆经过了多少时间的磨洗也不会消失。故乡里那些房屋，那些街道至今还印在我的脑子里。

【参考译文】

Lots of things
are apt to fade from memory as one’s life experiences accumulate. But some
memories will withstand the wear and tear of time. Those houses and streets in
my hometown are still impressed in my memory.

6 也许是我的精、气、神都不足吧，不但自己写不出长的东西，我读一本刊物时，也总是无挑逗的看，不论是小说、散文或是其他的文学形式，最后才看长的。

【参考译文】

Perhaps due to
my failing energies, not only have I refrained from writing anything long, but
also, in reading a magazine, for example, I usually finish its shorter pieces
of writing first, before going on to the longer ones.

Part Five Summary（25
points）

Write a summary of the following passage
in Chinese. Write in no more than 300 Chinese characters.

Ten years ago,
competition between Airbus and Boeing brought America and Europe to the edge of
a trade war; but the dispute was resolved and a pact signed in 1992. Now
America’s Federal Trade Commission is examining pricing at Boeing and Airbus;
and the administrations is preparing another onslaught on subsidies to Europe’s
Airbus Industrie consortium. The Economist has learned that consultants have
been hired in Europe and America to gather financial information on Airbus,
with a view to tearing up the 1992 agreement.

It is the damage
that Airbus has inflicted on Boeing that has pushed America to this point. At
the height of a boom that began two years ago, Boeing, the traditional market
leader, lost control of its factories, upset its customers with late deliveries
and plunged into its first loss in 50 years. It wrote off $4 billion, when it
should have booked record profits. Airbus, meanwhile, has increased its market
share from barely a third in the early 1990s to over a half now.

These figures
have driven the American administrator to think about attacking Airbus again.
But the politicians’ perception is lagging behind the facts. Beginning with it
firing of the head of the passenger-jet division in September, Boeing has
started on the long road to recovery.

The two rivals’
factories illustrate the challenge that Boeing faces. At Boeing, workers swarm
all over the aircraft as they build them and fit them out. At the Toulouse
wide-body factory of Aerospatiale, which assembles Airbus’s A330S and A340S, a
handful of people work on four or five planes? Cockpits, fuselages and wings
are flown in from factories all around Europe and snapped together by giant
machines. This manufacturing method, dictated by Airbus’s consortium structure,
happens to mirror modern ideas about how manufactures should work-whereas
Boeing epitomizes mass production circa 1940.

In Seattle
everybody always seems to be working flat out; Airbus’s flow of work seems more
ordered. Boeing has 216 workers for every aircraft（550 jets made by 119,000 people）,compared with 143（230 by 33,000）for Airbus-a 51% productivity
difference, just the sort of gap that enabled Japanese car makers to snatch a
quarter of the American car market from Detroit’s Big Three. While the figure
masks differences in process as well as productivity, it is large enough to
make Boeing pay attention.

Boeing the metal-basher

Boeing’s
chairman, Phil Condit, says that Boeing tried to accelerate its production too
fast, without changing a production-engineering system that had barely altered
since the Second World War. It was fine for bashing out hundreds of identical
B-52 bombers, but modern jets have 4 million parts and are customized for
individual airlines. A new system to control the supply and stock of all these
parts, cutting inventory costs, is being introduced in March; at the same time,
Boeing is trying to trim the number of special features it has to produce for
different airlines, without making its customers feel they are getting a pure
off-the-peg product. Starting next year, Boeing will also cut at least 28,000
jobs, most of them on the commercial-aircraft side. Some observers think the
total cuts could end up nearer 50,000.

Combination of
job cuts and a computerized production-management system could begin to deliver
the efficiencies that Boeing failed to capture during the last boom. One reason
to believe this might happen is that Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group（BCAG）is no longer being run
day-to-day by a gung-ho salesman short on management skills, but by Alan
Mulally, the man who successfully launched Boeing’s 777 programme and in the
process earned a reputation as a good team leader.

Mr. Mulally has
already reorganized BCAG into three product divisions, one for single-aisle
aircraft, one for twin-aisle, and a third to look after aircraft in service.
This mimics the product-based structure that he forged in the combined defence
businesses of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas after their merger last year. Each
division has responsibility for its own profits. Where paper-shufflers and
parts makers were doing the same job for different models, systems are being
unified and jobs cut.

Until now Boeing’s
structure has been driven by engineering or marketing; now some profit
accounting is entering its everyday life. For instance, if the BCAG marketing
people are doing a deal at a price that the boss of a division reckons is too
cheap, he now has the power to oppose them. Whether he prevails is a matter of “some
tension”, admits Mr. Mulally.

Boeing is
starting to feel the impact of these changes. Mr. Mulally suspects that it will
take until 2001 to raise Boeing’s net operating margin on passenger jets from
the present measly 1% to the raise Boeing’s net operating margin on passenger
jets from the present measly 1% to the target level of 7-8% set by Mr. Condit.
But if Boeing hits its target of delivering 550 jets this year（which looks likely）,that will be the first sign
that it really is bouncing back.

The next big
indicator will be whether Boeing can double its margins on passenger jets in
the course of next year. It will have to do this just as the market starts to
turn down. Although Boeing is still speeding up production to deal with its
healthy backlog, it will in the next few weeks announce more cutbacks to take
effect later next year, particularly for 747s, much affected by the Asian crisis,
and for its 777, on which the company pins great hopes.

In the stylish
Airbus executive dining room, champagne corks are still popping over its recent
sales success. This week it bagged yet another big order in Latin America, a
market that Boeing used to regard as its own. Some Airbus bosses, however, are
worried about growing complacency at the consortium. Privately, they
acknowledge that Boeing has learned some hard lessons and will be back on its
feet inside three years, leaner and fitter. They even doubt whether Airbus can
survive without a wholesale reorganization of Europe’s aerospace industry,
something that is taking forever to happen.

One source of
future difficulty for Airbus may be its planned $10 billion “Boeing-beater”,
the 555-seat A3xx. This aircraft, set to challenge the Boeing 747’s monopoly
over 400-seaters, is due to be launched by next June. But most observers reckon
the big growth in air travel will be in point-to-point services in long-haul
aircraft, such as Boeing’s 777, or extended versions of the big Airbus 330 and 340-all
of which are slightly smaller than today’s jumbos, rather than bigger. The A3xx
is supposed to enable Airbus to challenge Boeing’s jumbo monopoly; but it may
be that Airbus needs the model more than the market does.

Plagued by politicians

Yet it is
European politics that is the consortium’s biggest current headache. Airbus was
supposed to convert from a consortium into a proper company in January 1999,
but that deadline has already slipped; and arguments among the partners-France’s
Aerospatiale, Germany’s DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, British Aerospace and CASA
of Spain-stopped work on the conversion a few weeks back.

The row is
ostensibly about the creation of a European Aerospace and Defence Company. But
the real cause is the concern of the French government, which has yet to privatize
Aerospatiale fully, that the German and British companies are plotting to
dominate both Airbus and the defence aerospace business in Europe by merging as
soon as they can, without waiting for Aerospatiale to join in. As a blocking
tactic, Aerospatiale has stopped the process of evaluating assets to be put
into the Airbus corporate pot, while it merges with two other French groups.

Airbus’s new
director-general, Noel Forgeard, says the conversion can’t not happen”. It
would, he says, make Airbus as flexible as any multinational, able to switch
production to where it makes sense, and so make big cost-savings. Meanwhile,
without company status, Airbus will struggle to raise the money it needs to
compete with a resurgent Boeing-and it will also find it harder to rebut the
imminent attack from the American government.

【答案】

波音和空中巴士曾有过贸易纷争，双方最终于1992年达成了协议，但现在美联邦贸易署正在调查波音和空中巴士的价格状况，试图再次向空中巴士发起猛攻。

波音负责人表示，过去波音忽略了引擎系统的改革，今后波音将引进新系统，实施改革，同时还将在商务航行领域进行裁员。裁员和自动化生产管理体制的引进将会大大提高波音公司的效率。

通过改革，波音已经有所复苏，这使空中巴士在欢庆上一回合的胜利的同时，也开始焦虑自身存在的一些问题。

然而空中巴士集团最头疼的问题源自欧洲的政治问题。欧洲的政治纷争使集团无法取得公司地位，但集团负责人表示他们会设法筹到足够资金与复苏的波音较量，但要想回击美国政府的攻击还是相当困难的。

Part Six Writing（30
points）

Write an essay of over 300 words to
support ONE of the following conflicting opinions. Give examples either
your personal observations and experiences or simply things you have read that
would back up your view.

1 The way the
Chinese write, i.e. the way they organize their thoughts, is different from the
way English speakers do. When Chinese students apply their Chinese way of
thinking in their English writing, they make organizational mistakes.

2 The way the
Chinese write is essentially the same as English speakers do. Chinese students
should be able to organize their thoughts well in their English writing. They
have problems only because they have to direct too much attention to the
grammar, spelling and diction of a language they are not at home with.

【参考范文】

Chinese often
make mistakes in English writing. Some people attribute the mistakes to the difference
of the way Chinese and English people organizing their thought. They think the
two nations have different way of thought, so when Chinese apply their way of
thinking in English writing, they’ll make organizational mistakes. I cannot
agree with this opinion.

I think the way
the Chinese write is essentially the same as the English speakers do: they both
have to choose a topic, propose an argumentation and then use theories and
examples to support their opinions. Both of their writing should be logical,
the examples and theories relevant to the topic and persuasive enough. There
are no serious logical or structural mistakes in Chinese students’ English
writing. So in general, the way the two nations write is the same.

The Chinese
students are able to organize well their thoughts in their English writing, and
the reason why they make mistakes is that they pay too much attention to the
grammar, the spelling and diction of the English language, which they cannot
operate as skillfully as their mother tongue. If too much attention is paid to
the trivial details, the Chinese students will ignore the general structure of their
writing, and thus they will make mistakes.

Once, I got very
low marks in the composition course, because, the structure of the essay is a
bit messy—the teacher told me I used too much attribute clauses, which makes
the meaning of the sentences ambiguous, so the reader cannot understand what I
was trying to express in the essay. Later I explained to my teacher all the
ideas I want to express in the essay; he understand it well and praised me for
the innovation of my idea. In that case, can you say I get low marks because my
way of thinking is different from my English teacher? Absolutely not, if so,
why did he praise me for my idea after I explained it to him? I got low marks
because I focus too much on the diction, and because I’m over trying to operate
well the second language.

To sum up, there
is no fundamental and significant difference in the way the Chinese and the English
write, and Chinese students make mistakes in their English writing just because
there are not familiar with the language.

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