考研真题
1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题详解
考研指导书
1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材
2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研题库
2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材
书籍目录
第1章 语 法
第2章 词 汇
第3章 阅读理解
第4章 写 作
附录 翻译硕士核心必背词汇
部分内容
第1章 语 法
1.1 大纲要求
翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会在《翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》中指出，MTI教育的目标是培养高层次、应用型、专业性口笔译人才。MTI教育重视实践环节，强调翻译实践能力的培养。全日制MTI的招生对象为具有国民教育序列大学本科学历(或本科同等学力)人员，具有良好的双语基础。根据《翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》，制定翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试大纲。该大纲是各学校自行命题的重要参考依据，对于考生备考有重要的指导意义。
语法部分要求考生能正确运用英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。题型一般为多项选择或改错题。词汇语法一般合在一起考查，总分30分，考试时间为60分钟。
需要注意的是，大纲中并未列出具体需要掌握的修辞手法，复习修辞的时候，只需要掌握大学英语精读教材中经常出现的一些修辞手法，这些手法主要有simile（明喻）、metaphor（隐喻）、allusion（引喻）、metonymy（换喻/转喻）、synecdoche（提喻）、personification（拟人）、onomatopoeia（拟声）、parody（仿拟）、hyperbole（夸张）、irony（反语）、rhetorical question（反问）、repetition（反复）、symbolism（象征）、pun（双关）、sarcasm（讽刺）、ridicule（嘲弄）、euphemism（委婉语）、anti-climax（渐降）、understatement（低调陈述）、parallelism（平行/排比）、antonomasia（换称）、antithesis（对照）、transferred
epithet/hypallage（移就）、zeugma（轭式搭配）、alliteration（头韵）、assonance（类韵）、oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）、syllepsis（一语双叙）等。
1.2 应试指南
通过对全国院校《211翻译硕士英语》历年真题的分析，可以看出在语法知识方面，经常会考查考生对虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句、定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、独立结构、同位语、反意疑问句以及时态等语法点的掌握。下面结合部分真题对考查频率高的语法知识加以分析总结。
一、时态
所谓的时态就是动词形式，动作发生在不同的时间需要用不同的动词形式来表示，这是英语和汉语语言习惯截然不同的地方，也是英语学习的难点所在。因为它不仅要考查谓语动词的时态，同时也涉及到被动语态、虚拟语气、情态动词、非限定动词（不定式、分词、动名词）等的时态问题。因此，掌握好英语动词时态非常重要。
英语的时态主要有以下几种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、一般过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时等。
一般现在时(do/does, is/am/are done)：表示包括现在在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。行为动词在一般现在时中通常使用动词原形，但是要注意第三人称单数谓语动词的变化。出现在一般现在时里，通常表示频度意义的副词或词组有：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never，from time to time，now and then，every day/month/year，once/twice, etc. a
week/month/year等。
一般过去时(did, was/were done)：表示过去的动作或状态。这种动作或状态可能只限于一次，也可能是经常性的。
一般将来时(is/am/are going to do, will/shall do, is/am/are going to be done,
will/shall be done)：表示将要发生的动作或情况，或表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作，有时还可以表示一种倾向性动作。
一般过去将来时(was/were going to do, would do, was/were going to be done, would be
done)：主要表示在过去的时间里将要发生的情况，有时也可表示过去习惯性的动作等。
现在进行时(is/am/are doing, is/am/are being done)：表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在进行的动作。
过去进行时(was/were doing, was/were being done)：表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，这一特定的时间往往用时间状语表示。
将来进行时(will/shall be doing)：表示将来某一时刻或某一时间正在进行的动作。
现在完成时(have/has done, have/has been done)：表示动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关系，可以表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或所产生的结果，常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如never, ever, yet, already, just, before, recently, once等；或者表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作，常个表示一段时间的状语连用，如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。
过去完成时(had done, had been done)：表示去在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了动作。简而言之，过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”。
将来完成时(is going to have done, will have done)：表示在将来某一时间之前所完成的动作，这个时态有时用来表示一种揣测。常用的时间状语一般用by + 将来时间。如：by the end of this year，by 8 o’clock this evening，by March next year以及由by the time…，before或when等引导的副词从句。
现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)：主要表示现在以前这一段时间里一直进行的一个动作，这个动作可能仍然在进行，也可能停止了。常用的时间状语有lately，recently，just，already，yet，up to now，till now，so far，to this day，in the past few
years/months/weeks/days，over the past few years，during the last three months，for the last few centuries，through centuries，throughout history等。
过去完成进行时(had been doing)：主要表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止。
疑难点拨：
（1）以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时或完成进行时
①表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice,
recognize, see, taste, smell；
②表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike,
forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
③表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt,
expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall,
recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
④表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own,
possess, hold(容纳)；
⑤其他动词：cost, appear, concern,
contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
（2）不用will/shall表达将来时的形式
①be going to表示现在的打算和意图；
如：
It is raining
now. I am going to take an umbrella with me. 带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。
②arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take
off等表示移位的动词的进行时表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；
如：
I’m leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 我明天要动身去上海。
③be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事；
如：
The old hospital
is to be pulled down. 这座医院将要拆迁。
④be about to (do)表示将要（做）；
如：
Look, the train is
about to leave! 看，火车就要开了！
⑤be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；
如：
They are on the
point of starting. 他们就要动身了。
⑥be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件；
如：
The bus leaves
within five minutes. 公共汽车将在5分钟内离开。
⑦在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型；
如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。（宾语从句）
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我会告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句）
比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again. 你再打电话时我会告诉他。（状语从句）
⑧在make sure, make certain, see
(to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。
如：
Make sure that
the door is locked before you leave the classroom. 走之前确保把门关好。
（3）完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语
①by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by
the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。
如：
We had just had
our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and
1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had
been produced. （表示1919年时已发生的情况）
②by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。
如：
By the time you
arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her
health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
③by now、since
+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the
past/last few（或具体数字）years/days/months，主句用现在完成时，但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如：
He has been
named the greatest character created for television and films in the past 20
years.他被提名为过去20年间电视和电影中创作的最佳角色。
④在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that引导的从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an
embarrassing situation.
⑤在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。如：
I had no sooner
reached home than it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。
No sooner had I
bought the computer than I regretted spending so much money on it.我刚买完电脑就后悔了，后悔自己在电脑上花了这么多钱。(no
sooner位于句首需要使用倒装句。)
⑥其他与完成时连用的时间状语有：all this while,
all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
如：
I have been
teaching in college all this year.
I haven’t finished my paper yet.
真题示例：
说明：以下试题绝大部分选自全国各院校《211翻译硕士英语》近年真题，少量试题选自与之难度相当的英语专业考研科目，如《基础英语》《实践英语》等。
题1. “The effect of this medicine _____ by
midnight,” the doctor told Emma “You had better not try to read tonight.”
A. will wear off
B. wears off
C. will have worn off
D. will be worn off
【答案】B
【解析】陈述客观事实，普遍规律时用一般现在时。
题2. By the end of the year 2004, he _____ in the
army for 40 years.
A. will have served
B. will serve
C. will be serving
D. will be served
【答案】A
【解析】句中by the end of the year 2004，以将来时间为起点，需用将来完成时。
题3. Among the first to come and live in North
America _____, who later prospered mainly in New England.
A. had been Dutch settlers
B. Dutch settlers were there
C. were Dutch settlers
D. Dutch settlers had been there
【答案】C
【解析】介词among提前，句子需部分倒装，根据后面的定语从句时态可判断主句也应用一般过去时。
题4. If
drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality,
and the like _____, more is required than an increased police
presence or a fresh coat of paint.
A. are to eliminate
B. are eliminated
C. are to be eliminated
D. are being eliminated
【答案】C
【解析】根据句意可知“如果吸毒、卖淫等问题将被消除”，句子时态应为将来时态且为被动结构，故C项正确。
题5. Since the development of an effective vaccine
in 1963, measles _____ much less frequent.
A. became
B. becomes
C. has become
D. have become
【答案】C
【解析】状语从句或短语用since引导时，主句一般用完成时。measles麻疹，形式是复数，实际是单数。
题6. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I
changed my mind about the new job even though I was _____ last week.
A. to be started
B. to have started
C. to have been starting
D. start
【答案】B
【解析】过去将来完成时，表示未完成的计划。
题7. The operetta first _____ as a popular form of
musical theater in the nineteenth century.
A. to emerge
B. emerging
C. had emerged
D. emerged
【答案】D
【解析】句意：19世纪小歌剧最初以流行音乐剧院形式出现。本句陈述的是过去发生事实，用一般过去式。
题8. The pollution problem as well as several other issues _____ to be
discussed when the Congress is in session next spring.
A. are going
B. were going
C. was going
D. is going
【答案】D
【解析】句子主语是the pollution problem，谓语动词用单数。时间状语next spring表明本句应用一般将来时。
题9. The project, _____ by
the end of 2012, will expand the city’s digital
television signal to be accessible to a million users.
A. completed
B. being
completed
C. to be
completed
D. having been
completed
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这项预计2012年完成的计划，会将全市的数字电视信号覆盖到一百万个用户。出现“by the end of 2012”，是将来时，因此选C项，不定式作定语。A项completed，这里指还没完成，故排除，B、D项时态不符合。
二、虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、请求、设想等未能或不可能实现的事实，或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气主要分为以下几类：
1主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词，用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。
常这样用的形容词有：appropriate，advisable，better，desirable，essential，imperative，important，insistent，natural，necessary，preferable，strange，urgent，vital等。
过去分词有：desired，demanded，ordered，requested，suggested，recommended，required等。例：
It is vital that
he be warned before he takes actions.在他采取行动前警告他是非常关键的。
It is strongly
recommended that students should listen to English news broadcasting in the
early morning.建议学生在大清早听英语新闻广播。
2表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。
常这样用的名词有：resolution, pray, decision, motion, suggestion, preference, proposal,
advice, recommendation, desire, demand, requirement, order, necessity, request,
idea等。例：
My suggestion is
that we leave the burning building at once.我的建议是我们马上离开燃烧的楼房。
3宾语从句中的虚拟语气
（1）某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的动词有：ask，advise，determine，decide，command，insist，intend，move，prefer，propose，order，recommend，request，require，suggest，urge，demand，desire，direct等。
真题示例：
题1. Shall we request that the manager _____ our
suggestion again?
A. consider
B. considers
C. should consider
D. must consider
【答案】A
【解析】request引导的从句中需用虚拟语气，结构为(should) do。
题2. My father did not go to New York；the
doctor suggested that he _____ there.
A. not to go
B. not go
C. hadn’t gone
D. wouldn’t go
【答案】B
【解析】suggest引导的宾语从句需用虚拟语气，结构为（should）+do。
题3. The teacher demanded that their students _____
on time to every class.
A. were
B. had to
C. should be
D. must had to
【答案】C
【解析】demand that sb.
(should) do…要求某人做…，虚拟语气。
（2）在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例：
真题示例：
The university board of trustees deemed it urgent that a
new provost _____ to replace Mr. Dannison who had been diagnosed with cancer.
A. be selected
B. should be selected
C. must be selected
D. was selected
【答案】A
【解析】urgent引导的从句中需用虚拟语气结构(should) do。
（3）wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望：①表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish +主语+动词过去式或were；②表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish+主语+had+过去分词，或wish+主语+would（could）+have+过去分词；③表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish+主语+would+动词原形。例：
I wish I could
fly like a bird.我希望自己能像鸟一样飞。
I wish you had
spent the wonderful evening with us last night.我真希望昨天你跟我们一起度过了美好的夜晚。
4if条件句中的虚拟语气
用if引导的非真实条件句是虚拟语气最基本的表现形式，它是由非真实的条件从句和与之相关的假设结果（主句）两部分组成，表达的是某种不存在的条件和假设下可能发生的事。按时间概念的不同可分为3种形式：①与现在事实相反；②与过去事实相反；③与将来事实相反。这三种非真实条件句的动词表现形式通常来说是非常规范的，如下表：
用if引导条件句是虚拟语气最常见的形式，但是，书面语中，我们经常可以看到if被省略的而把were, had, should放在主语前面的条件句。这种句型实际上if引导的条件句的再版，与if引导的条件句在要表达的意义上没有任何区别，一个可以用于各种场合，而省略if的则主要用于书面语。
真题示例：
题1. _____ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr.
Smith _____ the invitation to visit that area.
A. If he knew, would have declined
B. If he had known, would decline
C. Had he known, would decline
D. Had he known, would have declined
【答案】D
【解析】虚拟语气句型，对过去的情况表示虚拟，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done，Had he known相当于If he had known。
题2. To
be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school
children _____ all sides of every matter on which they hold
opinions.
A. would have been expected to have considered
B. were expected to consider
C. will be expected to have been considered
D. were expected to have considered
【答案】B
【解析】主句用would+动词原形时，从句应用一般过去时，表示对与现在事实相反的虚拟。
题3. Should Earth be struck by an asteroid,
destroying all higher life-forms, intelligent beings, still less humanoids, _____.
A. would almost certainly not arise next time around
B. will almost undoubtedly not arise next time around
C. would not have to arise next time around indeed
D. would have arisen next time around for a certainty
【答案】A
【解析】虚拟语气。should Earth be struck相当于if the earth should be struck，是对将来情况的虚拟，主句部分应用would
do。
题4. If this evil man
remained unpunished, our social moral standard _____.
A. will
undermine
B. would
undermine
C. would be
undermined
D. will be
undermined
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果不惩罚这个邪恶的人，那我们的社会道德标准就会受到破坏。对将来发生事情的虚拟，使用if it did, would do结构。
题5. _____ that you were out, I wouldn’t have
bothered to come all the way at that time of night.
A. If I should know
B. If I know
C. Had I known
D. Were l to know
【答案】C
【解析】对过去情况的虚拟，用if had done, would have done结构，had I known=if I had known。
题6. The supervisors could have prevented this
problem _____ about it beforehand.
A. if they knew
B. had they known
C. if had they known
D. if they would know
【答案】B
【解析】虚拟条件句，此处表示与过去事实相反，所以要用过去完成式。并且当条件句中省略了if时，要把had提前，其正常语序是if they had
known。
题7. These compounds could not have formed if the
chemical reaction ____ stopped.
A. has been
B. was
C. would have been
D. had been
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果这些化学反应被终止的话，就不可能形成这些化合物。虚拟语气结构if had done, …could/ would have done，表示对过去情况的虚拟。
题8. Someone who gives an expensive gift often feels
that he should receive more praise than if he _____ a less
expensive gift.
A. gave
B. gives
C. had given
D. has given
【答案】A
【解析】if引导的从句在句中是对现在情况的虚拟，用一般过去式。
5虚拟语气中的特殊形式
虚拟语气中有一些特殊的表达形式，比如It is time sb. did sth.，would rather sb.
did sth.以及用with,
without, but for, for the fear of等介词和介词短语来引导的虚拟语气。
真题示例：
题1. It is time the nations
of the world _____ a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons.
A. would call
B. call
C. called
D. will call
【答案】C
【解析】句意：现在是世界各国呼吁停止核武器生产的时候了。It’s time that句型中that从句部分要用一般过去式表示虚拟。
题2. Jack would rather his
younger sister _____in the same hospital as he does.
A. worked
B. works
C. to work
D. work
【答案】A
【解析】would rather sb. did sth.虚拟语气，宁愿某人做某事。
题3. Don’t take the young kids out for a walk right after
the nap. I’d rather you _____ them out before
supper.
A. took
B. take
C. will take
D. have taken
【答案】A
【解析】固定结构，would rather sb. did…虚拟语气。
题4. The private life of
having each individual make his or her own choice of beliefs and interest _____
without the overarching public world of the state, which sustains a structure
of law appropriate to a self-determining association.
A. is not
possible
B. would not be
possible
C. will not be
possible
D. cannot be
possible
【答案】B
【解析】句中有without引出条件，意为“在没有…的情况下”。须用虚拟语气。
三、定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
1限定性定语从句
（1）that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。
（2）which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。
（3）代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时that常被省略 。
（4）who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。
（5）where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
（6）when引导定语从句表示时间。
（7）whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。
（8）当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something,
anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导。
2非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。
（1）which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
（2）在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at
which。
（3）有时as也可用作关系代词。
（4）在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。
真题示例：
题1. They moved to Portland in 1998 and lived in a
big house, _____ to the south.
A. the windows of which opened
B. the windows of it opened
C. its windows opened
D. the windows of which opening
【答案】A
【解析】the windows of
which引导定语从句，修饰house，定语从句需要谓语动词，只能用过去式opened不能用分词opening。
题2. “They said what we always knew,” said an
administration source, _____.
A. he asked not to be named
B. who asked not to be named
C. who asked not be named
D. who asked not named
【答案】B
【解析】who引导定语从句，修饰an administration source，ask sb. not to do是固定结构。asked not to be named要求不具名。
题3. Most insulation devices of this kind, _____
manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.
A. that are
B. which is
C. those are
D. as are
【答案】D
【解析】as引导定语从句，指代前面整个句子内容。
题4. This state research program is made up of two funds;
_____ could last for two years.
A. the larger one
B. the larger of which
C. the largest one
D. the largest of which
【答案】B
【解析】两个事物之间比较，用比较级，of which引导定语从句，修饰前面的two funds，表所属关系。
题5. No one would have time to read or listen to an
account of everything _____ going on in the world.
A. it is
B. there is
C. as is
D. what is
【答案】B
【解析】there is引导的句子作everything的定语从句。
题6. From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of
the west emerged the medieval version of politics _____ in turn evolved the
politics of our modern world.
A. of which
B. from which
C. no which
D. by which
【答案】B
【解析】from which引导定语从句，修饰medieval version of politics，evolve from由…进化，从…产生出，正常语句为the politics of our modern world evolved from which。
题7. —What
do you suggest I write about, then to stand a change next year?
— It isn’t so
much _____ you write as the way _____ you write it.
A. what; that
B. what; which
C. which; how
D. which; that
【答案】A
【解析】what既作it
isn’t的表语，又是write的宾语。在day, way, moment 等词之后的定语从句中引导词用that。
题8. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile
opinion, for we need to have factual knowledge _____ our thinking.
A. which to be based on
B. which to base upon
C. upon which to base
D. to which to be based
【答案】C
【解析】base…on/upon…把…建立在…基础上。upon which引导定语从句，修饰knowledge，而根据逻辑，思考又是建立在知识的基础上，因此选项C正确。
题9. He said the most unusual aspect of the Mexican
trial was that the 12 teenagers were not given any drugs to suppress their
immune systems, ____ would normally destroy any cells from other animals.
A. at which
B. which
C. to which
D. as
【答案】B
【解析】which定语从句引导词，指代drugs。
题10. Who has the time to read or listen to an
account of everything ____ currently going on in the world?
A. that is
B. as is
C. there is
D. it is
【答案】A
【解析】everything做先行词，只能用that引导定语从句。
题11. The traffic was very heavy, ____, and so we
arrived after the start of the program.
A. this was completely unexpected
B. which was completely unexpected
C. that was completely unexpected
D. it was completely unexpected
【答案】B
【解析】所填的句子是非限定性定语从句，只能用which引导，指代整个句子的内容。
题12. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds
on animals depends on the soil _____ the plants grow.
A. which
B. on which
C. in which
D. that which
【答案】C
【解析】in which引导定语从句修饰the soil，原句正常语序为the plants grow in the soil。
题13. Courses can be
designed, as most skeptics would not believe, in ways ____
put a premium on the curiosity of the students especially at the level of
elementary education.
A. which
B. that
C. in which
D. so that
【答案】B
【解析】that引导定语从句修饰ways。定语从句中先行词是time，way等时，引导词只能用that，不能用which。
题14. In recent years American press has been moving
away from real journalism toward the creation of an idiot culture, _____ tends
to blur the difference between news and entertainment.
A. which
B. that
C. it
D. being
【答案】A
【解析】which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子内容。
题15. As to the lost world of Egypt, we know nearly everything _____ to know.
A. there is
B. it is
C. which is
D. what is
【答案】D
【解析】what在句中引导定语从句修饰everything，同时又在从句中做know的宾语。
题16. Five score years ago, a great American, _____
symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
A. with his
B. in whose
C. by him
D. of whom
【答案】B
【解析】in the shadow在阴影中。whose作定语从句引导词。
四、状语从句
状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。
状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句等。
时间状语从句：是由when, as,
while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
原因状语从句：because, since,
as和for都表示原因。
目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in
order that, so that等词引导。
结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so…that
或 such…that等引导。
让步状语从句：是由though,
although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和 but不能同时使用。
真题示例：
题1. _____ the passage of light, many new plastics
are processed using technologies rivaling those used in the manufacture of
computer chips.
A. For the better of
B. Permitting better
C. To better permit
D. It is better for
【答案】C
【解析】不定式短语做目的状语。better应放于所修饰的动词之前。
题2. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted
to run away from home to escape their problem, _____ bigger ones in cities
plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.
A. have only found
B. only finding
C. only found
D. only to find
【答案】D
【解析】only to表示“出人意料的结果”。
题3. Danis
Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could have fought so
hard against environmental degradation, _____ themselves now on the verge of
losing the war.
A. only found
B. finding only
C. only to find
D. have only found
【答案】C
【解析】only to find不定式作结果状语，表示结果出人意料。
题4. Since
the development of an effective vaccine in 1963, measles _____ much less
frequent.
A. became
B. becomes
C. has become
D. have become
【答案】C
【解析】状语从句或短语用since引导时，主句一般用完成时。measles麻疹，形式是复数，实际是单数。
题5. _____,
he can now only watch it on TV at home.
A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match
B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match
C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match
D. Not obtained a ticket for the match
【答案】B
【解析】现在分词短语在句中作原因状语。根据can now可判断，是对现在状况的描述，因此不需用not
having obtained。
题6. _____,
the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election.
A. Having racked up a lead of some 150,000 votes
B. Having been racked up a lead of some 150,000 votes
C. His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150,000
votes
D. His opponent racking up a lead of some 150,000 votes
【答案】C
【解析】句意：由于他的对手已领先于他获得了大约15万张选票，市长在改选中承认败北。分词构成独立结构作状语，动作发生在谓语动词之前。
题7. We
had to go miles to find a restaurant, it _____a holiday.
A. being
B. was
C. to be
D. is
【答案】A
【解析】being在句中作伴随状语，it是分词的逻辑主语。
题8. None
of the day’s transactions, _____ sales or delivery, came off well.
A. from
B. it being
C. be it
D. was it
【答案】C
【解析】本句为让步状语从句，应该选C。
题9. Because its leaves remain green long after
being picked, rosemary _____ associated with the idea of remembrance.
A. and becomes
B. becoming
C. became
D. to become
【答案】C
【解析】本句because引导原因状语从句，后半部分是主句，became在句中作谓语动词。
题10. The small greenish flowers of the American
elm tree appear in the spring, _____.
A. is grown long
before the leaves
B. long before
the leaves grow
C. the leaves
before growing long
D. the growth of
leaves before long is
【答案】B
【解析】long before the
leaves grow在句中做时间状语从句。
题11. Talented
_____ he is, he is not yet ready to my professional.
A. since
B. as
C. until
D. while
【答案】B
【解析】让步状语从句表语提前。原句正常语序应为As he is talented…意为“虽然他很有才能…。”
题12. The
house was very quiet, _____ as it was on the side of a mountain.
A. isolated
B. isolating
C. being isolated
D. having been isolated
【答案】A
【解析】isolated为后面句中was的表语，构成被动语态，as引导的原因状语从句中可将表语前置。
题13. _____
we admire Shakespeare’s comedies, we cannot agree that they are superior to the
tragedies.
A. As much
B. Much as
C. Though much
D. Much although
【答案】B
【解析】as引导状语从句时，将从句中用以修饰谓语的副词或者表语形容词提前，表示让步。much as we admire相当于although we
admire much。
五、倒装句
主语和谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，叫自然语序。反之，如果谓语在主语前就是倒装语序，又分全部倒装语和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
1全部倒装
（1）There
be句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除外还可用 live, happen, exist, remain, stand等作这类句型的谓语。
（2）Here/there/now＋vi（常为come, go）＋主语（必须是名词）。
（3）then引起谓语为come, follow的句子。
（4）out,
in, up, down, away 之类的副词作状语放在句首，主语比较长，也就是说主语
不能是很短的人称代词，谓语为不及物动词come, go, run, rush等。句式为：副词＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）。
（5）介词短语作状语放在句首，谓语为不及物动词，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：介词短语＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）。
（6）表语放在句首，表语常为形容词，分词，副词，介词短语。要求主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：表语＋系动词＋主语（必须是名词）。
（7）直接引语中间或后面表示某人说这意思的插入语（特别是谓语较短时）。
2部分倒装
（1）only＋副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句。
（2）否定词（短语）开头的句子要用部分倒装：如never, nor，neither, hardly，few, seldom, little, by no means, in no time, at no time，not until, not only…but also, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely
when等。
（3）以so开头，用“so＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”。
（4）引导让步状语从句表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋其他。
（5）so＋adj /adv放在句首。
（6）如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were, should, were可以把if省略而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒转装。
（7）频度副词及短语often, always, now and then, many a time, every other day等放在句首时有时也倒装。
（8）某些表示祝愿句子也用倒装语序。
真题示例：
题1. Surveys show that _____ less sleep than we
think, _____ too much sleep could even harm our health.
A. not only do we need, but that
B. not only we need, but also
C. not only we need, but that
D. not only do we need, but also
【答案】A
【解析】使用not only…but also…结构时应用倒装，but后的that与前面的that并列作show的宾语。
题2. Not
until the 1980’s _____ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.
A. some concerned citizens
B. some concerning citizens
C. did some concerning citizens
D. did some concerned citizens
【答案】D
【解析】否定副词not位于句首，句子需用倒装结构。表示“关心的”应该用concerned，concerning意为“有关的”，选项D正确。
题3. Among
the first to come and live in North America _____, who later prospered mainly
in New England.
A. had been Dutch settlers
B. Dutch settlers were there
C. were Dutch settlers
D. Dutch settlers had been there
【答案】C
【解析】介词among提前，句子需部分倒装，根据后面的定语从句时态可判断主句也应用一般过去时。
题4. Two
thirds of the US basketball players are black, and the number would be greater _____
the continuing practice of picking white bench warmers for the sake of balance.
A. was it not because of
B. had it not been for
C. were it not for
D. would it not have been for
【答案】C
【解析】虚拟语气倒装用法，省略if，将be动词提前，后半句要用were作谓语。
题5. Jefferson was a renowned doubter, urging his nephew to
“question with boldness even the existence of a God”. John Adams was at least a
skeptic, _____.
A. as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine
and Ethan Allem
B. as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine
and Ethan Allem
C. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and
Ethan Allem were
D. as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine
and Ethan Allem
【答案】A
【解析】倒装句，之所以将谓语动词were提前是因为句子主语the
revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem过长，倒装是为了与英语表达习惯相符，避免头重脚轻。
题6. Because
it takes longer to install and involves some tinkering to get it to work just
right, it’s best for more experienced users. But, oh, what joy! ____ a detailed
log of every ad it annihilates, ____ it makes a satisfying ‘thunk’ when it nabs
one.
A. Not only Killer keeps, but also
B. Not only does Killer keep, but also
C. Only Killer keeps, and
D. Only if Killer keeps, and
【答案】B
【解析】Not only…but also句型中，but also可以省略；而Not only位于句首时，需用倒装语序。
题7. ____
ever so humble, there’s no place like home.
A. It be
B. Be it
C. It was
D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】be的倒装语句，表示让步关系。
题8. _____
sugar _____ salt is oil water.
A. Not as…as
B. No more than…is
C. Not more than…is
D. Not more than…as
【答案】B
【解析】句意：油不是水，就跟糖不是盐一样。No more than在句首要倒装，正常语序为Sugar
is no more salt than oil is water。
题9. Out
of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks_____ we use today.
A. the theoretical geometry evolution
B. evolved the theoretical geometry
C. the evolution of theoretical geometry came
D. the theoretical geometry came
【答案】B
【解析】介词out置于句首时句子应该倒装。
题10. _____, he finds the work interesting.
A. Though he is computer expert
B. A computer expert he is
C. As computer expert
D. Computer expert as he is
【答案】D
【解析】as引导的从句在句首时，可以将表语前置，形成倒装，表示让步。
题11. _____,
we will leave without her.
A. If she were to fail to come on time
B. She should fail to come on time
C. Should she fail to come on time
D. Would she fail to come on time
【答案】C
【解析】本句是对将来情况的虚拟。if的虚拟条件句将动词提到句首，形成倒装。
题12. Only
recently _____ possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and
to determine their chemical composition.
A. it becomes
B. having become
C. has it become
D. which becomes
【答案】C
【解析】only引导时间地点状语位于句首时，主句要用倒装。
题13. _____he
ill-mannered, _____ the laziest and most irresponsible creature you could ever
hope to meet.
A. Not only is / but he is also
B. Not only is / but also is he
C. Not only he is / but also is he
D. Not only he is / but he also is
【答案】A
【解析】Not only处于句首，not only部分要用倒装句结构，but (also)部分用正常语序。
题14. They searched for hours, but _____ be found.
A. at no time could the missing spoon
B. no where could the missing spoon
C. no where the missing spoon could
D. at no time the missing spoon could
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他们找了几个小时，可是哪也没找到那个丢失的勺子。no where此类的表示否定的词位于句首时，应该用倒装句。
题15. Not
until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972 _____.
A. when was its full extent realized
B. that its full extent realized
C. was its full extent realized
D. the realization of its full extent
【答案】C
【解析】not until结构位于句首时，主句部分需要倒装，选项C正确。
六、强调句
强调句也是历年试题中重点考查的语法知识，强调句句型可以分为以下三类：
1 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。
2 一般疑问句的强调句型：Is/ Was it+ 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。
3 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（特殊疑问词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分。
题1. _____
she was living in London that she met her husband Terry.
A. Just when
B. During the time when
C. Soon after
D. It was while
【答案】D
【解析】It was…that构成强调句型，去掉it was…that后，整个句子意思仍然完整。
题2. _____ revealed the secret?
A. Who was it
that
B. It was who
that
C. Who was it
who
D. It was whom
that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：是谁揭露了这个秘密？在特殊疑问句中强调句型的语序是特殊疑问词+is/
was + it + that/ who + 其他部分。
题3. _____
that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.
A. During the 1960s
B. That it was in the 1960s
C. It was in the 1960s
D. It was the 1960s
【答案】C
【解析】it was…that构成强调句型，对年代的表达，应该用in the…。
题4. I
don’t know ____ it was that answered the phone this morning.
A. who
B. why
C. how
D. that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我不知道早上接电话的是谁。it was sb. that强调句型。
七、独立结构
所谓“独立结构”（Absolute Construction）指的是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主语。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，因此叫独立结构。其实，所谓独立结构也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分词。独立结构按其结构形式分为：不定式独立结构，-ing分词独立结构，-ed分词独立结构和无动词独立结构，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。
不定式独立结构表示即将发生的动作；-ing分词独立结构表示正在进行的动作，且主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系；-ed分词独立结构表示已发生的动作，主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系。无动词独立结构的常见类型有：（1）名词+介词短语；（2）名词+adj.或adv.。
真题示例：
题1. The new computer virus _____, the system was restored to its normal
operation.
A. having removed
B. being removed
C. had been removed
D. was removed
【答案】B
【解析】being removed是独立主格结构，the new computer virus是它的逻辑主语，病毒被清除，应用被动语态。
题2. The
Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea
travel, that man _____ Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th
century.
A. was
B. was called
C. calling
D. being
【答案】D
【解析】后半句是独立结构，是one man的同位语。选项A，B用了动词形式，不正确，C项应为被动形式called。
题3. Their
proposal is better than ours,_____.
A. all things considering
B. all things considered
C. all things are considered
D. all considered things
【答案】B
【解析】分词独立结构作状语，all things作consider的逻辑主语。
题4. The
waves_____violently against the shore, people couldn’t hear them crying for
help.
A. beating
B. had beaten
C. beat
D. were beating
【答案】A
【解析】分词独立结构在句中作原因状语，the waves是分词beating的逻辑主语。
题5. It _____
now pretty late, we took our candles and retired to our room.
A. is
B. being
C. turned
D. got
【答案】B
【解析】分词独立结构，It being now pretty late作原因状语，it（指时间）是分词的逻辑主语。
题6. Iceland lies far north
in the Atlantic, with its northernmost tip actually _____ the Arctic Circle.
A. touched
B. touches
C. touching
D. being touched
【答案】C
【解析】with引导的独立结构在句中作状语。冰岛的北部接触到北极圈，两者之间是主动关系，用现在分词。
八、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。这样的名词通常有new，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等。
英语中引导同位语从句的一般有 that, whether, how, when, where等。
同位语从句与定语从句是考生经常容易混淆的地方，它们的区别有二：
（1）同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。
（2）引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除了起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。
真题示例：
题1. Sunburn, _____, is
caused not by heat but by rays of ultraviolet light.
A. a painful redness of the skin
B. is a painful redness of the skin
C. that a painful redness of the skin is
D. when is there a painful redness of the skin
【答案】A
【解析】a painful redness
of the skin在句中做sunburn的同位语。
题2. I
wonder whether there is any evidence _____ a person’s character is reflected in
his handwriting.
A. which
B. ritual
C. ceremony
D. formality
【答案】D
【解析】that引导的是同位语从句。
题3. Consider
the frequently heard charge _____ the increase in television violence is
somehow responsible for the surge in crime.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
【答案】B
【解析】that引导的从句作the frequently heard charge的同位语。
九、反意疑问句
反意疑问句，即附加疑问句，它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1．陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式。
2．陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式。
关于反意疑问句，考生应该掌握以下几点：
（1）当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为：
（2）当陈述部分是I
think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。
（3）当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达。
（4）反意疑问句的回答用yes或no， 但当陈述部分是否定形式时，则要按事实回答。
（5）Let’s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句用shall we。Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，附加疑问部分用will you。
真题示例：
题1. He used to play badminton with you, _____?
A. didn’t he
B. used he
C. did he
D. gone off
【答案】A
【解析】used to do sth.过去常常做（某事），变反意疑问句时，后半句用didn’t。
题2. She said she wouldn’t call us the next day, _____ she?
A. would
B. wouldn’t
C. did
D. didn’t
【答案】D
【解析】除了think，believe，expect，suppose，imagine等引导的宾语从句以外，反意疑问词根据宾语从句主句的谓语而定。
题3. Jack admitted that he ought not to have made his mother angry, _____?
A. oughtn’t he
B. wasn’t he
C. didn’t he
D. hadn’t he
【答案】C
【解析】反意疑问句，疑问的对象是Jack admitted，因此用didn’t he。
题4. She
said she wouldn’t call us the next day, _____ she?
A. would
B. wouldn’t
C. did
D. didn’t
【答案】D
【解析】在反意疑问句中，主句谓语是肯定形式，问句用否定形式。
十、修辞手法
（1）metaphor（隐喻）
Metaphor是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方。如：She is a legendary luminous pearl, shining beautifully at night.她是一颗夜明珠，暗夜里发出灿烂的光芒。
（2）simile（明喻）
Simile是用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。其表达方式一般是介词like，连词as，as if，动词seem等以及句型A…to
B as C…to D等等表示“好像”。如：The snowflake is dancing in the air like
goose feather. 雪花像鹅毛一样飞舞。
（3）personification（拟人）
Personification把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想与行为方式。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。如：The huge wave stretches out his arms to hold me high up in the air. 巨浪伸出双臂，将我高高托起。
（4）irony（反语）
Irony就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等，一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。它实际上是一种意重语轻的修辞方式，常常含有讽刺、幽默或揶揄的意味。如：as welcome as a storm像欢迎暴风雨一样受欢迎（实则“不得人心”）；as slender in the middle as a cow in the waist腰细如牛（实际是“腰粗如牛”）。
（5）anti-climax（渐降）
Anti-climax表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重而轻。渐降的功能是为了取笑或讽刺，是为了达到喜剧的效果。如：The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.士兵的职责是保卫国土和削土豆皮。
（6）metonymy（换喻/转喻）
Metonymy就是借用伴随或附属于某一事物的另一事物的名称来代替某事物的名称，这两样事物互相没有隶属关系但关系又很紧密，说到其中一样就很快联想其另一样。它可使表达多样化、简洁、动人，使形象具体、生动。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等。再如：The pen is mightier than the sword.文人胜于武士。/ The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工。这种修辞手法大体上相当于汉语的借代中的“旁借”，也就是借事物所呈现的某一形象(特征或标志等)
或某些关系(所在、所专、产地、材料或工具等) 来表现，如用“三角眼”代替“长着一对三角眼的人”，用“红领巾”代替“少先队员”，用“神州”指中国，“龙井”等地名代替那里产的茶叶，“捏着把汗”代替担心、心情紧张等。
（7）euphemism（委婉语）
Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬、犯忌触讳的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。如：用sanitation engineer替代garbage man(清洁工)；用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人)；用industrial action替代strike(罢工)等。值得一提的是Euphemism和Understatement（低调陈述）比较类似，Euphemism存在一种相对固定的说法，总是用于取代犯忌触讳，或显粗鲁及今人不快的表达。而Understatement较之Euphemism具有更广的使用域，其修辞功能也更加丰富多彩，故二者之间是两个相互独立的辞格，各领风骚，自成一体。
（8）transferred epithet/hypallage（移就）
Transferred epithet即把本属于甲事物的性状的词移用于乙事物，而且一般说来，指的都是形容词的移用，并且一般是把原用于修饰人的形容词用来修饰物。这种修辞手法与汉语中的移就基本相似。如：The doctor’s face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。（用“疑惑”修饰限定“钦佩”）当然，也不排除其他词类的移用现象，如a cry of displeasure（生气地叫嚷），to flow languidly（无精打采地流动）等。这种修辞格的运用，使语言描绘的一切变得形象生动、细腻微妙起来，而且融情于景、富于联想，表现力极强，能在具体的语言环境里起到意想不到的效果，“言不言之意，传难传之音”，读来意味隽永，发人深思。
（9）ridicule（嘲弄）
Ridicule和Sarcasm（讽刺），Irony（反语）是英文中运用表达反对或相反意见的修辞方法，Ridicule可意为“奚落，讽刺”，目的是“unkindly make fun of”，而Sarcasm是指用尖酸刻薄的话对个人的缺点、过失、社会的丑恶现象或黑暗面进行讥讽、挖苦，常是有意地伤害他人的感情，含有较强的贬义。Irony通过说反话来达到讽刺的效果。三种修辞手法的区分有时要视文章的语境而定。
（10）synecdoche（提喻）
Synecdoche又可称“举隅法”，它以局部代表整体，以整体代表局部，以特殊代表一般，以一般代表特殊。如：The farms were short of hands during the harvest
season.在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。/ He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。这种修辞手法大致相当于汉语借代里的“对代”，如用部分代全体：不拿群众一针一线；用特称代通称：千万个雷锋在成长；用具体代抽象：他有他的小算盘(即个人打算)；用原材料代事物：几个铜板等。
（11）hyperbole（夸张）
Hyperbole为了表达深刻的感受，抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。如：His words made my blood freeze.听了他的话，我的血都快凝固了。
（12）antithesis（对照）
Antithesis揭出互相对立的现象，使它们相映相衬，以达到加强文势的效果。它可以是同一事物不同两面的对照，也可以是互相对立的两个事物。如：Many scientists are both careful and careless.许多科学家既仔细又粗心。/ Speech is silver;
silence is golden.雄辩是银，沉默是金。
（12）symbolism（象征）
Symbolism不是直接地表述抽象的事理或深厚的感情，而是用具体事物代表抽象事理，用具体形象表达深厚的感情。如用“海燕”象征英勇无畏的无产阶级革命先驱者；“暴风雨”象征迅猛异常的革命形势；“怒吼的大海”象征革命群众的力量。
（13）parallelism（平行/排比）
Parallelism是将结构相同或相似、意义并重、语气一致的语言成分，词、短语、句子乃至语段等并行排列的一种修辞手法。这种辞格可以使语言简洁明了，结构精致对称，声调铿锵有力，叙事生动逼真，语意鲜明突出。如：…not because the Communists may be doing, not because we seek their
votes, but because it is right.并不是因为共产党可能在这样做，也不是因为我们需要他们的选票，而是因为这样做是正确的。
（14）consonance（押尾韵）
Consonance（押尾韵）是与头韵相对的另一种修辞手法。它指的是在一个词组或一个诗行中有两个以上彼此靠近的词其结尾的音节具有同样的字母或发音。恰当使用Consonance能赋予语言音韵美和节奏美，起到渲染气氛，烘托感情，加强语言表现力等效果。如：
quarry
and carry the stones挖并搬运石头
She tipped her
loyal big dog a big hug.她给了她忠实的狗一个长长的拥抱以示奖励。
（15）alliteration（头韵）
Alliteration是指在一个词组或一个诗行中有两个以上彼此靠近的词其开头的音节具有同样的字母或发音。恰当使用Alliteration，能赋予语言音韵美和节奏美，起到渲染气氛，烘托感情，加强语言表现力等效果。如：
Dusk demands
daylight.黑夜呼唤光明。
Do or die.决一死战。
The girl there
was green as grass.那个女孩很幼稚。
And sings a
solitary song that whistles in the wind. （华兹华斯：《孤独的割麦女》）
Hale and hearty.老当益壮的，精力充沛的。
（16）repetition（反复）
Repetition是对某个词或语言成分进行重复，借以加强语气和感情，这种现象起到加强语势，表达深刻的思想，增强语言节奏感的作用，能产生速度、节奏、音响、色彩气氛等不同效应。如：
a) We will never
parley, we will never negotiate…
b) The return of
the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector
（17）understatement（低调陈述）
Understatement就是轻描淡写地来陈述一种想法，一般有三种表现方式：一是轻描淡写（用rather, quite, pretty, almost, a bit代替very）；二是用反说代替正说（常用含蓄的否定的方式，常使用no, not, never, none, little, hardly等）；三是弦外之音（婉转说法，用于代替直言不讳）。修辞格Understatement的运用可以变“主动”为“被动”，变“张牙舞爪”为“委曲求全”。如：We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are
sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be
employed.我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们。因为只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军事装备时，我们才能真正有把握地确信永远不会使用武力。（一场规模空前的军备竞赛的动因被说成了“We dare not tempt them with weakness”）
（18）rhetorical
question（反问）
Rhetorical
question是一种表示强调的句子。陈述句和各种疑问句都可以构成反问句。它的特点是用肯定的形式表示否定的意义；用否定的形式表示肯定的意义，以加强语气。句尾可以用问号，也可以用感叹号。这种句子不需要回答，常为说服效果而使用。如：Why should you do it?（我认为）这件事你不应该去做的。/Who does not know？此事人尽皆知！
（19）onomatopoeia（拟声）
Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法。如：The door banged shut.门砰地一声关上了。
（20）antonomasia（换称）
Antonomasia 是指用形容词、头衔等代替专有名词，比如用the Almighty代指上帝，用his Honour指法官，用Father of lies（谎言之父）指Satan。同时也可以用来表示用专有名词代替普通概念，Uncle Sam代替USA，Hercules（赫格立斯）代very strong person（力大无穷者）。换称中的专有名词通常有这几种来源：宗教、古代及当代的历史和文学。在本文中，作者用the Big Apple来指代纽约。
（21）oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）
Oxymoron这种修辞中有相矛盾的观点或者术语。这种辞格事实上就是英语反义词的一种灵活运用，即把意义上互相对立，互不协调的两个反义词置于一处，构成词面矛盾，在逻辑意义上不能并列，但实则可以深刻揭示事物之间的对立统一的内在联系，富含哲理，构思新颖，能产生特殊的讽刺性修辞效果，例如：born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and
bitter peace.
（22）climax（渐进法，层进法）
Climax原自希腊语，意为ladder梯子。这种辞格句型对称，采用由轻到重，由弱到强，由浅到深由小到大，由低到高的语言格式。这种手法清楚醒口，结构整齐，气势贯通，感染力强。例如： All this will not be finished in the fast 100 days, nor will it be
finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this administration nor
even perhaps in our life time on this planet.所有这一切不可能在100天内完成，也不可能在1000天或者在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不可能在我们居住在这个星球上的有生之年内完成。
（23）Regression（回环）
Regression这种辞格是语言美的一种表现形式，其语言美学特点是：均衡中有变通，变化中有整齐。以格式论之，Regression常表现为：前句的尾部成为后句的首部，后句的尾部成为前句的首部。例如： Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for
your country.不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。
（24）Paregmenon（同源修辞格）
Paregmenon这种修辞就是使用一些词源相近的词。恰当使用Paregmenon，可以在视觉上相映成趣，构成建筑美；听觉上循环往复，音韵和谐；语义上相互照应，产生意境美；遣词上不落俗套，言简意赅。例如：…, not as a call to battle, though embattled we are.不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待。
（25）Allusion（引喻）
Allusion指暗示或附带提及，即借助具有互不相干的熟悉事物来阐述另外一种事物。allusion与 metaphor的最大区别是，allusion用的是援引典故典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语作为喻体间接提及本体的修饰手法，其特点是不注明来源和出处，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。如：Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 语法是他的大弱点。——用希腊神话中的勇士Achilles的heel引喻“弱点”。【Achilles除了脚踵处身上其他地方刀枪不入】
（26）parody（仿拟）
Parody是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语，改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。如：Lady Hermits—Down But Not Out. (潦而不倒的女隐士们) 它仿拟的是习语down and out(贫困潦倒)；To Lie
or Not To Lie, that is a question.它仿拟的是莎士比亚名著哈姆雷特的名句：To be or not to be, that is a question.
（27）pun（双关）
Pun通常是指利用一个单词的两个含义，或者利用两个特定的单词谐音，达到“一语双关”的目的。如：①Seven days without water makes one
weak.七天不进水，人就会虚弱。（weak和week是同音异义词。因此这句话听起来可以理解为：Seven days without
water makes one week.）②—Why is a river rich?—Because it has two banks.（bank有两个意思：一是表示“银行”，二是表示“河岸”。）
（28）zeugma（轭式搭配）
Zeugma是用一个词（动词、形容词、介词）同时支配或修饰两个或两个以上的名词，其中只有一个搭配合乎逻辑，属正确搭配，另一个则属牵强搭配。在轭式搭配中，被修饰或被支配的词往往第一个词表具体事物，第二个词表抽象概念或某种状态。由于第一个具体名词的带动，读者立刻产生联想把第二个表概念或状态的名词转化为生动的意象。例如：“He looked at her with weeping eyes and hearts.”。weeping修饰两个名词eyes and hearts，正像把一副轭套在两头牛身，别有风趣。weeping只适合eyes，适合hearts的形容词grieving省去了。这样做可以达到一种特殊效果，既精简了语言，又使“grieving”这一抽象概念具体化了。用weeping修饰hearts，把不可言语的感情转变为有形有声的物体，更触动人心。
（29）assonance（类韵）
Assonance是西方诗歌里的一种押韵形式，意思是一行韵文或一首诗里头有元音韵的重复。因为在西方语言的单字大多数有韵尾，若押韵要连带韵尾一起难易度极高，所以有类韵方式，不在乎辅音韵尾只要元音相同即可，甚至也有无视元音韵尾。这类在现代中文歌曲也有相同状况，如i、in、ing或o、ou、ong等状况。如：Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.；Dead in the middle of little Italy, little did
we know that we riddled two middle men who didn’t do diddily.；on a proud round cloud in a white high night。
（30）syllepsis（一语双叙）
Syllepsis即一个词与另外两个性质不同的词搭配。形式上符合英语使用习惯，但含义上一为直义，一为喻义。一语双叙修辞格结构的前后两部分的搭配无论从句法上还是意义上都贴切吻合，能达到“一管两”的效果。如：He lost his coat and his temper. Syllepsis与zeugma（轭式搭配）共同之处都是用一个词同时与两个或更多的词进行搭配，而且前后搭配的东西不同类，它们的区别是syllepsis所采用的搭配是自然的、合情合理的，而zeugma所采用的搭配是非自然的、牵强附会的。
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