厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 厦门大学《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题

考研指导书

1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研题库

厦门大学《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解

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2010年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

Part I.  Grammar
and Vocabulary

A. Proofreading (total
of 10 points, 1 point for each error corrected)

The following paragraphs
contain 10 errors. Each indicated line contains ONE error. In each case, only
ONE word is involved. You should proofread the paragraph and correct it in the
following way:

For a wrong
word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided
at the end of the line.

For a missing
word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and write the word
you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.

For an unnecessary
word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank
provided at the end of the line.

EXAMPLE

【答案与解析】

（1） non-surgically →non-surgical

（修饰名词“procedures”，应该用形容词，non-surgical非手术的。）

（2） 正确

（3） in → for

（for the most part多半; 就绝大部分而言。固定词组。）

（4） life → lives

（their后面应用life的复数名词形式lives。）

（5） in→ with

（with confidence自信地。in confidence秘密地。）

（6） burning → burn

（burn可作名词，表示“烧伤，灼伤”。）

（7） restore→ restores

（主语是“reconstructive surgery”，是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式“restores”。）

（8） the → a

（way在这里第一次提到，表示“以一种……的方式”，这种方式前面没提到，不是特指，不可以用定冠词the。）

（9） 去掉a

（It is time for sb to do sth. 固定句型。）

（10） with → without

（综合全文来看，作者认为社区医疗成员应在不带偏见和嫉妒之心的前提下对整容手术的利弊做出衡量。）

B. Choose the word or phrase that can be used to
replace the underlined part in each sentence (total of 10 points, 0.5 point for
each question).

1 Because noises modulate
radiofrequency, radio stations use a band of frequencies to prevent
interference with other stations.

A. govern

B. adapt

C. temper

D. renovate

【答案】A

【解析】句意：噪音改变了无线电频率，电台用频带来防止其他电台的干扰。modulate调整，控制；使变调。govern统治，管理；影响。adapt使适应。temper使缓和，使温和。renovate更新；改善。

2 A fossil is a remnant of a
once-living organism.

A. bone

B. solvent

C. picture

D. vestige

【答案】D

【解析】句意：化石是曾经存活的生物的遗迹。remnant遗迹；残余，剩余。vestige遗迹；残余。solvent溶剂；解决方法。picture图片。

3 When squashed the stem and leaves of the jewelweed exude a
juice that will soothe some skin irritations.

A. boiled

B. aged

C. crushed

D. chopped

【答案】C

【解析】句意：凤仙花受到挤压时，它的茎和叶会流出一种汁液，这种汁液可缓解皮肤过敏症状。squash压扁，挤压。crush压碎，压坏。boil煮熟。age使表老，使（味道）变醇。chop砍；剁碎。

4 The legislative filibuster is a parliamentary tactic
designed to delay or prevent action by the majority.

A. tradition

B. rule

C. observance

D. maneuver

【答案】D

【解析】句意：合法的阻挠手段是用来推迟或阻止多数党采取行动的一种合乎议会法规的策略。tactic策略。maneuver谋略，策略；(部队等的)调动；机动。tradition传统。rule规则，条例。observance遵守；注意，观察。

5 Ocean waves can cut imposing cliffs along coastlines.

A. immobile

B. impermeable

C. impressive

D. imaginative

【答案】C

【解析】句意：海浪能沿着海岸线切断宏伟的悬崖峭壁。imposing壮观的，气势宏伟的。impressive给人深刻影响的；威严的。immobile不动的，固定的。impermeable不可渗透的。imaginative富于想象的。

6 Mergers may be effected to revive or rejuvenate failing
businesses by the infusion of new management and personnel.

A. inspection

B. introduction

C. evaluation

D. concentration

【答案】B

【解析】句意：通过注入新的管理方式和录用新的员工，企业兼并能够有效地使那些濒临破产的企业恢复活力。infusion注入，灌入。introduction介绍；引进。inspection检查，审视。evaluation评估。concentration集中；专注。

7 A fable is a didactic tale focused on a single character
trail.

A. an authentic

B. a muddied

C. an
instructive

D. an
old-fashioned

【答案】C

【解析】句意：寓言是有教育意义的故事，这种故事集中于对单一人物的追踪描述。didactic教导的，教诲的。instructive有教育意义的，有启发性的。authentic真实的，可靠的。old-fashioned旧式的，过时的。

8 The compact dictionaries published in recent years are not as unwieldy
as some of the older editions.

A. complete

B. tiresome

C. reliable

D. cumbersome

【答案】D

【解析】句意：最近几年出版的简明字典不像旧版字典那样让人觉得使用起来很不方便。unwieldy不灵便的，使用不便的。cumbersome笨重的；难处理的。complete完整的。tiresome使人疲劳的；烦人的。

9 Author Katherine Sherwood McDowell had a knack for
converting almost every experience into marketable prose.

A. an aptitude
for

B. an obsession
with

C. an
alternative to

D. a purpose for

【答案】A

【解析】句意：作家凯瑟琳·舍伍德·麦克道尔总有本领将他的每次经历写成畅销散文。knack本领；技巧，诀窍。aptitude天资，才能。obsession着迷；困扰。alternative选择。purpose目的

10 South Carolina’s mineral resources are
abundant, but not all of them can be lucratively mined.

A. profitably

B. safely

C. easily

D. extensively

【答案】A

【解析】句意：南卡罗来那州有丰富的矿产资源，但并不是所有对这些资源的开采都是有利可图的。lucratively赚钱地，有利可图地。profitably有利地，有益地。safely安全地。easily容易地。extensively广泛地。

11 Ravaged by pollution and war, many famous monuments have become
eroded and stained.

A. discolored

B. dismembered

C. displaced

D. distinctive

【答案】A

【解析】句意：受到污染和战争的破坏，许多著名的历史遗迹已经被腐蚀或玷污了。stained玷污的；着色的。discolored玷污的；褪色的。dismembered分割的。displace被取代的。distinctive有特色的，特殊的。

12 Orioles are arboreal birds, and when they descend to the
ground, it is mainly to gather nest materials.

A. territorial

B.
tree-dwelling

C. consummate

D. grumpy

【答案】B

【解析】句意：黄鹂是一种栖息在树上的鸟，当它们落到地面时，主要是为了采集搭巢的材料。arboreal栖息在树上的。tree-dwelling居于树上的。territorial领土的；地区的。consummate熟练的，技艺高超的。grumpy性情乖戾的。

13 Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little Women, which recounts
the experiences of the four March sisters during the American Civil war, is
largely autobiographical.

A. praises

B. narrates

C. exaggerates

D. classifies

【答案】B

【解析】句意：露意莎·梅·奥尔柯特的小说《小妇人》在很大程度上是自传体的，小说叙述了美国内战期间马奇家四姐妹的经历。recount叙述，描述。narrate叙述。praise表扬。exaggerate夸张。classify把……分类。

14 Fertilizer applied to soil can replace depleted
nutrients.

A. organic

B. acidic

C. exhausted

D. desirable

【答案】C

【解析】句意：施于土壤中的废料能代替枯竭的营养素。depleted耗尽的，枯竭的。exhausted耗尽的，用完的。organic有机的；器官的。acidic酸性的。desirable值得向往的。

15 Galena, the chief ore of lead, is a brittle mineral with
a metallic luster.

A. hazel

B. dense

C. breakable

D. sparking

【答案】C

【解析】句意：皮带含有的主要矿物成分是方铅矿，它是一种具有金属光泽的脆性矿物。brittle脆的，易碎的。breakable易破坏的，脆的。hazel淡褐色的。dense密集的。sparking发出火花的，闪光的。

16 In Hawaii, endemic birds, such as the omao and the
apapane, dwell in the volcanic highlands and tropical rain forests.

A. alluring

B. aquatic

C. graceful

D. native

【答案】D

【解析】句意：在夏威夷，像夏威夷鹅口疮和白臀蜜鸟这样的本地鸟都栖息在火山性高地和热带雨林地区。endemic某地特有的。native本地的；天然的。alluring迷人的，吸引人的。aquatic水生的，水栖的。graceful优美的，典雅的。

17 Biologists have ascertained that specialized cells
convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.

A. determined

B. argued

C. hypothesized

D. griped

【答案】A

【解析】句意：生物学家已经确定特化细胞能把化学能转化成机械能。ascertain查明，确定，弄清。determine决定；确定。argue争论；主张。hypothesize假设，假定。grip理解，掌握；紧握。

18 Pocahonta, a seventeenth century Powhatan Indian, went to the
Jamestown colony as her father’s emissary.

A. ward

B. attendant

C. messenger

D. translator

【答案】C

【解析】句意：波卡洪塔斯，一个十七世纪的坡瓦坦印第安人，来到詹姆斯顿殖民地当她父亲的特使。emissary特使，密使。messenger信差，信息源。ward病房，病室。attendant陪从；侍者。translator译员。

19 Neon light is utilized in airport
beacons because it can permeate fog.

A. pass through

B. transmit

C. suspend

D. break up

【答案】A

【解析】句意：霓虹灯可被用作机场的指向标，因为它能穿过雾层。permeate渗入，透过。pass through穿过，通过。transmit传递，传达。suspend悬挂；使中止。break up解散；中断。

20 Alexander Woollcott’s flamboyant
personality combined sharpness of wit with sentimentality.

A. devious

B. humorous

C. singular

D. showy

【答案】D

【解析】句意：亚历山大·伍尔科特喜欢炫耀的个性是睿智与多愁善感的结合体。flamboyant炫耀的，浮夸的。showy炫耀的，浮夸的；引人注目的。devious迂回的；不正直的。humorous幽默的。singular单一的；异常的。

C. Choose the word or
phrase that best completes each sentence (total of 10 points, 0.5 point for
each question).

1 The form and physiology of leaves vary according to the _____ in
which they develop: for example, leaves display a wider range of adaptations to
different degrees of light and moisture.

A. relationship

B. sequence

C. patterns

D. environment

【答案】D

【解析】句意：叶子的形状和生理机能随着它生长环境的变化而变化。例如，叶子会调节自身去适应环境中光度和水分的变化。从所举的有关“light”和“moisture.”的例子中，可推断应填入“light”和“moisture”的上义词“environment”。

2 Since most, if not all, learning occurs through _____, relating
one observation to another, it would be strange indeed if the study of other
cultures did not also illuminate the study of our own.

A. assumptions

B. experiments

C. comparisons

D. repetitions

【答案】C

【解析】句意：因为大部分学习都是通过比较，即把一个观察现象与另一个联系起来，来进行的，所以如果学习另一种文化，却不能很好的阐明我们自己的文化，这就着实有点太离谱了。根据此空后面解释说明的部分“relating one observation to another”，可推断此处应填C项。

3 He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he
encountered _____ bordering on hostility.

A. patience

B. discretion

C. ineptitude

D. indifference

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他本期望别人会因他（对此事）的揭发而对他深表感谢，但恰恰相反，他受到了冷漠，甚至会引起别人的敌意。通过“but instead”可推断所填词应与“gratitude”表示相反的意思，所以选择D项。indifference冷漠。

4 Although Simpson was ingenious at _____ to appear innovative and spontaneous,
beneath the ruse he remained uninspired and rigid in his approach to problem-solving.

A. intending

B. contriving

C. forbearing

D. declining

【答案】B

【解析】句意：虽然辛普森可以利用计谋来表现地富有创新意识和自然大方，但在他的计谋背后，他处理问题时却总是那么平庸死板，一点也不灵活。根据句首的“although”可推断前后两句是转折关系，后半句说他办事死板，说明他的灵活与创新是伪装的，是用计谋达到的。contrive to以计谋达成。intend to 打算。forbear to忍耐，克制。decline to婉拒。

5 Because modern scientists find the ancient Greek view of the
cosmos outdated and irrelevant, they now perceive it as only of _____ interest.

A. historical

B. intrinsic

C. experimental

D. superfluous

【答案】A

【解析】句意：因为现代科学家发现古希腊关于宇宙的观点是过时的、不恰当的，所以他们现在认为它只与历史研究相关。historical 历史的；与历史相关的。intrinsic 本身的，固有的。experimental 实验性的。superfluous多余的。

6 In spite of the increasing _____ of their opinions, the group
knew they had to arrive at a consensus so that the award could be presented.

A. impartiality

B. judiciousness

C. polarity

D. consistency

【答案】C

【解析】句意：虽然他们的观点越来越出现对立面，但这个团队成员都知道他们不得不达成一致意见，以便于能得到这个奖项。polarity极性；对立。impartiality公平，公正。judiciousness贤明，明智。consistency一致性；稳定性。

7 Ironically, the proper use of figurative language must be based
on the denotative meaning of the words, because it is the failure to recognize
this_____ meaning that leads to mixed metaphors and their attendant incongruity.

A. esoteric

B. literal

C. allusive

D. symbolic

【答案】B

【解析】句意：比喻句子的合理运用必须基于单词的外延意，这一点极具讽刺意义，因为正是由于没能意识到单词表面的意思才导致繁杂的隐喻以及随之产生的不调和错误。literal字面的。symbolic象征性的。esoteric隐秘的。allusive暗指的；含典故的。

8 Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation
could be _____ the use of diet supplements, there may be no protection from carcinogens
that some fear might be introduced into foods by the process.

A.
counterbalanced by

B. attributed to

C. augmented
with

D. stimulated by

【答案】A

【解析】句意：虽然食品辐照引起的维他命损害可以通过摄入膳食补充剂得到弥补，但还没有办法保护人们不受致癌物的侵害，于是对食物的担心便产生了。counterbalance弥补；使平衡。attribute to 归因于。augment扩大，增加。stimulate刺激。

9 Data concerning the effects on a small population of high
concentrations of a potentially hazardous chemical are frequently used to _____
the effects on a large population of lower amounts of the same chemical.

A. verify

B. redress

C. predict

D. realize

【答案】C

【解析】句意：潜在的危险性化学药品对高度集中的小种群造成了影响，有关这些影响的数据常常被用来预测同样性质的少量化学药品对大种群造成的影响。predict预测，预知。verify证实，核实。redress纠正；补偿。realize实现。

10 Early critics of Emily Dickinson’s poetry mistook for
simplemindedness the surface of artlessness that in fact she constructed with
such _____.

A. astonishment

B. vexation

C. allusion

D. cunning

【答案】D

【解析】句意：早期对艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的批评误把她的朴实看成是头脑简单的，实际上，这是她的匠心独用所在。根据“in fact”可推断，所填词应与“simplemindedness”表示相反的意思。cunning灵巧，熟练；狡猾，奸诈。astonishment惊讶，惊奇。vexation烦恼，苦恼。allusion暗示；隐喻；典故。

11 After a slow sales start early in the year, mobile homes have
been gaining favor as _____ to increasingly expensive conventional housing.

A. a reaction

B. an addition

C. an
introduction

D. an
alternative

【答案】D

【解析】句意：今年初销售变得缓慢后，拖车住房已成为除价格飞涨的传统住房外人们的另一选择，因而受到人们的喜爱。alternative 供选择的东西。reaction反应。addition 增加的人或物。introduction介绍；引进。

12 Although adolescent maturational and developmental states occur in
an orderly sequence, their timing _____ with regard to onset and duration.

A. lasts

B. varies

C. falters

D. accelerates

【答案】B

【解析】句意：尽管青少年的成熟与发育状态是按照一种有条不紊的顺序发生的，但其时间指控却在起始和延续长度方面各不相同。vary变化，呈多样性。last延续。falter蹒跚；犹豫。accelerate加速，增加。

13 Psychology has slowly evolved into an _____ scientific
discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and
responsibilities as other sciences.

A. independent

B. unusual

C. outmoded

D. uncontrolled

【答案】A

【解析】句意：心理学已缓慢地演变成一种独立的、具有科学性的学科，现在可以肃立自护地运作，拥有与其他学科相同的独立地位和责任。independent独立的。unusual不寻常的。outmoded老式的，过时的。uncontrolled不受控制的。

14 Noting the murder victim’s flaccid musculature and pear-like
figure, she deduced that the unfortunate fellow had earned his living in some
_____ occupation.

A. treacherous

B. ill-paying

C. illegitimate

D. sedentary

【答案】D

【解析】句意：注意到这个被谋杀的受害人松弛的肌肉的梨形的身材，她推断这个不幸的家伙曾经是一位长期坐着的职业者。sedentary久坐的，固定不动的。treacherous背叛的；不牢靠的。illegitimate非法的。ill-paying报酬低的。

15 The discovery that, friction excluded, all bodies fall at the
same rate is so simple to state and to grasp that there is a tendency to _____
its significance.

A. underrate

B. reassess

C. praise

D. eliminate

【答案】A

【解析】句意：忽略摩擦的情况下，所有物体会以同样的速率下落，这一发现非常容易被抓住和阐述，以至于有一种低估它的重要性的趋势。空格填入一个动词，表示对“它的重要性（its significance）”做的动作。so…that…表示因果关系，所以空格填上以后要表达和“非常容易抓住并阐述（simple to state and to grasp）”一致的含义，所以空格应该对“重要性”做负动作，表示“不那么重视”。underrate低估。reassess再评价，再估价。praise表扬。eliminate排除，消除。

16 The painting was larger than it appeared to be, for hanging in a
darkened recess of the chapel, it was _____ by the perspective.

A. improved

B. diminished

C. embellished

D. jeopardized

【答案】B

【解析】句意：画其实要比看上去大，（只是）因为挂在这样一个黑暗的小教堂休庭里，由于透视效果而被看起来缩小了。diminish减小。improve提高。embellish美化。jeopardize危及，损害。

17 Because folk art is neither completely rejected nor accepted as
an art form by art historians, their final evaluations of it necessarily
remain_____.

A. arbitrary

B. estimable

C. equivocal

D. orthodox

【答案】C

【解析】句意：因为民间艺术既没有被艺术历史学家作为一种艺术形式彻底拒绝，也没有被全面接受，所以他们对民间艺术的最终评价必然是模棱两可的。equivocal有歧义的；模棱两可，不确定的。arbitrary随心所欲的。estimable可估计的；值得尊敬的。orthodox正统的。

18 Although economists have traditionally considered the district
to be solely an agricultural one, the _____ of the inhabitants’ occupations
makes such a classification obsolete.

A. productivity

B. diversity

C.
predictability

D.
profitability

【答案】B

【解析】句意：虽然传统上经济学家认为这个区域是单一的农业区，但该地居民职业的多样性使这样的划分显得过时了。句首的“although”暗示前后句是转折关系，因此可推断所填词应与“solely”表示相反的意思。diversity多样性。productivity生产力。 predictability可预测性。profitability有利性。

19 Although specific concerns may determine the intent of a
research project, its results are often _____.

A.
unanticipated

B. beneficial

C. spectacular

D. specialized

【答案】A

【解析】句意：虽然具体的关注能决定一个研究课题的意图，但研究的结果常常却是不可预见的。unanticipated不可预见的。beneficial有利的。spectacular壮观的；引人注目的。specialized专门的；专业的。

20 The notion that a parasite can alter the behavior of a host
organism is not mere fiction; indeed, the phenomenon is not even _____.

A. observable

B. real

C. comprehended

D. rare

【答案】D

【解析】句意：寄生虫能改变寄住物的行为的观点不是虚构的，这种现象的确不罕见。“indeed”表明前后句要表达一个意思，“not rare”与“not fiction”表达的意思相似。

Part II.  Reading
Comprehension

Read each of the
following passages. Choose the most appropriate from the four choices to
complete the sentence or answer the question. Answer the question or write a
summary as is required. (total of 40 points, 2 points for each question).

Passage A

Notation gave
western music a means of written record, but at first only for a kind of music,
chant, that was believed to have originated half a millennium and more in the
past—to be, effectively, ageless. Early medieval chants sprang from the whole
time of eternal sameness, which they so readily convey, and similarly there was
no measure of the time within them—the rhythm. Then measure came. And with it
came the first identifiable composers and precisely datable works.

Where chant was
of a piece with other musical traditions in being self-sufficient melody,
working within a modal system, belonging to no creator (but to God) and
designed for worship, the new music of the twentieth century opened a
distinctively western path. The measuring of time was the beginning not only of
rhythmic notation—known, far beyond Europe, to the Indian theorist Sarngadeva
in the first half of the thirteenth century—but also of music involving
coordination among singers carrying different melodies, of polyphony. This,
too, was by no means confined to the wedge of land between the Mediterranean
and the Atlantic: the gamelan music of Bali, a tradition independent of Europe,
is comparable with early western polyphony in its superposition of different
time streams, fast and slow, while the music of many sub-Saharan African
peoples often piles up dissimilar rhythmic layers in ways foreign to Europe
outside certain special repertories (fourteenth-century song and some music
since 1950). But, from the twelfth century to the fifteenth, polyphony in the
west gradually moved away from the repetitive structures that were retained on
Bali or in central Africa as Europeans discovered how harmony could result in
continuous flow.

The source, as
of so much in western culture, was a misunderstanding of classical Greek
knowledge, again acquired through Boethius. He had nothing to say about harmony
in the sense of chords, but he conveyed a Geek satisfaction in the primacy of
the octave and the fifth, which medieval musicians took as models of consonance
(the euphonious combining notes). Just as essential were dissonant
combinations, lacking euphony, for these would intensify the need for
consonance. A dissonance placed immediately before a final consonance would
produce a firmly conclusive ending—a cadence, such as became an essential of
western music. Extending back from the cadence, the forces of harmony,
marshaled through relationships between each chord and the next, could amplify
the directional sense already present in the melody—the sense of movement
towards a resting point on the last note. Thus time measured became time decisively
having a goal, and music could emulate the progress in every human soul towards
eternity.

Music mirrored,
too, how time generally was being told. Guido’s staff notation came roughly
when water clocks were reintroduced from Byzantium and Islam, enabling monks to
know when a service was due from the level reached by water slowly filling a
vessel. Thus reading, whether of a chantbook or a water gauge, substituted for
memory and intuition. Exact synchrony between music and time was lost a little
when clockwork mechanisms appeared in the mid-thirteenth century, half a
century later than the gear-driven music produced at Notre Dame in Paris.
However, the perfection of hour-chiming with hour-chiming capabilities, in the
astronomical clock made by Richard Wallingford for St. Albans Abbey (1327-36),
strikingly coincided with the perfection of rhythmic notation that spread from
Paris and gave music its own machinery of time lengths.

Choose the most
appropriate from the four choices to answer the question or complete the
sentence.

1 Which of the following is the most
appropriate title for this passage?

A. The
Development of Rhythm

B. Time
Measured.

C. Notation and
Time

D. Music and
Civilization

2 It can be inferred from the passage that
before notation appeared _____.

A. music was
always renewed and could last only as long as memory

B. music presented people with three times at once: the now in which
they heard it, the then in which it was made, and the further then of when the
piece was composed

C. polyphony had already been developed to such a degree that
different melodies carried by different singers could form a coordinated
harmony

D. music mostly
was not improvised and was not dated with precision

3 The author would most likely consider Western music and the music
of non-Western cultures as_____.

A. respectively
revolutionary and conservative

B. equal but
distinct

C. both
homogeneous and heterogeneous

D. illustrative
of advancement and backwardness

4 The passage states that_____.

A. music and
civilization complement each other and contradict each other

B. rhythmic
notation appeared because human beings could tell time in a new way

C. notation
appeared when musical works were no longer anonymous and non-datable

D. the appearance of rhythmic notation manifests a new stage of
human beings’ quantitative method of thought

【答案与解析】

1 D  本文讲了音乐如何随着历史的演变而不断发展，第二、三。四段揭示了音乐与不同地区、不同历史发展阶段。不同文化之间的关系。所以选项D最合适，揭示了音乐与文明之间的关系。

2 D  第一段最后一句提到，随着拍子的产生，第一批作曲家产生了，第一批可准确确定时间的作品也产生了。据此可推断，在音乐符号产生之间，即在节拍产生之前，音乐不能被即兴创作，也不能被准确记录。所以选项D正确。

3 C  第二段第三句，多声部音乐不仅出现在欧洲，在一些非欧洲地区如巴厘岛和撒哈拉沙漠以南地区也出现了相同的音乐形式，说明西方和非西方音乐有相似性。接着，本段最后一句，作者又指出从十二到十五世纪，欧洲多阴部音乐不再局限于巴厘岛和中非的音乐形式的束缚，变得连续而和谐，说明西方和非西方音乐又有相异性，故选C。

4 D  最后一段最后一句讲到，具有报时装置的钟表的完美运行与韵律符号同时产生。可据此推断，韵律符号的出现表明人类定量思维方式的新阶段，这与D项吻合。

Write a summary.

5 Summarize the passage in 4 or 5
sentences.

【答案】The passage demonstrated
how music evolved together with time measure. Early medieval chants originated
half a millennium and more in the past had no measure of time within them. The
appearance of rhythmic notation and polyphony marked the beginning of time
measure. In fact, the development of music reflected how measure of the time
developed.

Passage B

French toys: One
could not find a better illustration of the fact that the adult Frenchman sees
the child as another self. All the toys one commonly sees are essentially a
microcosm of the adult world; they are all reduced copies of human objects, as
if in the eyes of the public the child was, all told, nothing but a smaller
man, a homunculus to whom must be supplied objects of his own size.

Invented forms
are very rare: a few sets of blocks, which appeal to the spirit of
do-it-yourself, are the only ones which offer dynamic forms. As for the others,
French toys always mean something, and this something is always entirely
socialized, constituted by the myths or the techniques of modern adult life:
the army, broadcasting, the post office, medicine (miniature instrument-cases,
operating theaters for dolls), school, hair styling (driers for
permanent-waving), the air force (parachutists), transport (trains, Citroëns, Vedettes, Vespas, petrol stations),
science (Martian toys).

The fact that
French toys literally prefigure the world of adult functions obviously cannot
but prepare the child to accept them all, by constituting for him, even before
he can think about it, the alibi of a Nature which has at all times created
soldiers, postmen, and Vespas. Toys here reveal the list of all the things the
adult does not find unusual: war, bureaucracy, ugliness, Martians, etc. it is
not so much, in fact, the imitation which is he sign of an abdication, as its
literalness: French toys are like a Jivaro head, in which one recognizes,
shrunken to the size of an apple, the wrinkles and hair of an adult. There
exist, for instance, dolls which urinate; they have an esophagus, one gives
them a bottle, they wet their nappies; soon, no doubt, milk will turn to water
in their stomachs. This is meant to prepare the little girl for the causality
of housekeeping, to “condition” her to her future role as mother. However,
faced with this world of faithful and complicated objects, the child can only
identify himself as owner, as user, never as creator; he does not invent the
world, he uses it: There are, prepared for him, actions without adventure,
without wonder, without joy. He is turned into a little stay-at-home
householder who does not even have to invent the mainsprings of adult
causality; they are supplied to him ready-made: He has only to help himself, he
is never allowed to discover anything from start to finish. The merest set of
blocks, provided it is not too refined, implies a very different learning of
the world: Then, the child does not in any way create meaningful objects, it
matters little to him whether they have an adult name; the actions he performs
are not those of a user hut those of a demiurge. He creates forms which walk,
which roll, he creates life, not property: Objects no, act by themselves, they
are no longer an inert and complicated material in the palm of his hand. But
such toys are rather rare: French toys are usually based on imitation, they are
meant to produce children who are users, not creators.

The bourgeois
status of toys can be recognized not only in their forms, which are all functional,
but also in their substances. Current toys are made of a graceless material,
the product of chemistry, not of nature. Many are now molded from complicated
mixtures; the plastic material of which they are made has an appearance at once
gross and hygienic, it destroys all the pleasure, the sweetness, the humanity
of touch. A sign which fills one with consternation is the gradual
disappearance of wood, in spite of its being an ideal material because of its
firmness and its softness, and the natural warmth of its touch. Wood removes,
from all the forms which it supports, the wounding quality of angles which are
too sharp, the chemical coldness of metal. When the child handles it and knocks
it, it neither vibrates nor grates, it has a sound at once muffled and sharp.
It is a familiar and poetic substance, which does not sever the child from
close contact with the tree, the table, the floor. Wood does not wound or break
down; it does not shatter, it wears out, it can last a long time, live with the
child, alter little by little the relations between the object and the hand. If
it dies, it is in dwindling, not in swelling out like those mechanical toys
which disappear behind the hernia of a broken spring. Wood makes essential
objects, objects for all time. Yet there hardly remain any of these wooden toys
from the Yosges, these fretwork farms with their animals, which were only
possible, it is true, in the days of the craftsman. Henceforth, toys are
chemical in substance and color; their very material introduces one to a
coenaesthesis of use, not pleasure. These toys die in fact very quickly, and
once dead, they have no posthumous life for the child.

Choose the most
appropriate from the four choices to complete the sentence.

6 In this passage, the author analyzes
French toys for clues that reveal _____.

A. how toys
prevent children from getting access to social reality and being educated in
earlier ways of life

B. toys as barriers between the real cultural and ideological
functions of toys and their functions of replicating nature

C. how French toys in substance, form, and material reconfirms
French values and ways of life

D. toys as ideologically constituted signs loaded with the myths or
traditions of modem adult life

7 The passage is overall _____.

A. informal and ironic

B. critical yet sympathetic

C. academic and philosophic

D. observant and satiric

8 By “It is not so much, in fact, the imitation which is the sign
of an abdication, as its literalness” in paragraph 2, the author means to say
that the _____ of French toys is the sign of an abdication.

A. literariness

B. precision

C. verbatim

D. verisimilitude

9 The author of the passage believes that more _____ toys are less likely
to carry the ideological signs of the culture and thus allow for more freedom and
creativity on the part of the child.

A. primitive

B. sophisticated

C. abstract

D. elaborate

【答案与解析】

6 D  第二段第二句提到“…and this something is always entirely socialized, constituted by
the myths or the techniques of modern adult life。”法国的玩具总蕴含着一些神话故事或现代成人生活中的一些技巧性知识。所以选项D正确。

7 B  第三段第一句提到，法国玩具总是象征着成人世界的一些东西，这就免不了让孩子们被迫接受一些东西。据此可看出，作者对法国玩具是怀有批评态度的。

8 C  这句话是说，“实际上，模仿并不是失败的迹象，真正的失败在于完全的照搬。C项“verbatim”意思是“逐字翻译”，“照搬”，与原文“literalness”同义。

9 C  作者在第二段提到法国的玩具总把一些神话故事或现代成人生活中的一些技巧性知识直接传授给孩子，给孩子很少的想象与创新空间。所以可见，作者认为玩具越抽象，就越含有更少的文化意识，就越能给孩子更多的想象和创新空间。

Answer the question
according to the passage.

10 According to the passage, in what ways are French toys
problematic? Answer the question in 4 or 5 sentences.

【答案】French toys
literally prefigure the world of adult functions obviously cannot but prepare
the child to accept them all. Faced with this world of faithful and complicated
objects, the child can only identify himself as owner, as user, never as
creator; he does not invent the world, he uses it. The child does not in any
way create meaningful objects

Passage C

American
ethnocentricity, while manifest in general attitudes toward others is, of
course, tempered somewhat by the very heterogeneity of the population that we
have been examining. Thus, while there are the broad standard—expressed in the
ways most Americans set goals for their children, organize their political
lives, and think about their society in contrast to others—living in our racial
and ethnic mosaic makes us more inclined to think in terms of layers or circles
of familiarity. A black from Chicago feels and thinks very “American” in Iago
or Nairobi as does an Italian from Brooklyn when visiting relatives in Calabria
or Sicily. But when they get home, they will generally reveal to feeling
“black” in contrast to “white” and Italian in comparison to other Americans in
their own communities.

Ethnocentrism is
found in political as well as in ethnic contexts.  Much of the discussion
of patriotism and loyalty is couched in language that reflects rather narrow
culture-bound thinking. At various periods in our history this phenomenon has
been particularly marked—we remind ourselves of the nativistic movements of the
pre-Civil War period, of the anti-foreign organizations during the time of
greatest immigration, and the McCarthyism of the early 1950s. During the
McCarthy era there was a widespread attempt to impose the notion that anyone
who had ever joined a Marxist study group, supported the Loyalists in the
Spanish Civil War, or belonged to any one of a number of liberal organizations
was “un-American.”

It is clear that
not only those “over the sea” are viewed (and view others) ethnocentrically.
These distinctions between “they” and “we” exist within societies as well. In
modern industrial societies most individuals belong to a wide array of social
groups that differentiate them from others—familial, religious, occupational,
recreational, and so on. Individuals are frequently caught in a web of
conflicting allegiances. This situation is often surmounted by a hierarchical
ranking of groups as referents for behavior. In most societies, including our
own, the family is the primary reference group. As we have seen in the United
States, ethnic or racial identity and religious affiliation are also relevant
referents. Members of other ethnic, racial, and religious groups are often
judged on the basis of how closely they conform to the standards of the group
passing judgment.

Thus, several
studies have shown that in American society many whites holding Christian
beliefs, who constitute both the statistical majority and the dominant group,
rank minorities along a continuum of social acceptability. They rate members of
minority groups in descending order in terms of how closely the latter
approximate their image of “real Americans.” Early studies of “social distance”
indicated that most ranked groups in the following manner: Protestants from
Europe at the top, then, Irish Catholics, Iberians, Italians, Jews,
Spanish-Americans, American-born Chinese and Japanese, blacks, and foreign-born
Asians. A 1966 study suggested the following rank order: English, French,
Swedes, Italians, Scots, Germans, Spaniards, Jews, Chinese, Russians, and
blacks. While, over the years, most Americans generally have considered those
of English or Canadian ancestry to be acceptable citizens, good neighbors,
social equals, and desirable marriage partners, relatively few feel the same
way about those who rank low in scales of social distance.

There is an
interesting correlate to this finding. Investigators have found that minority-group
members themselves tend to accept the dominant group’s ranking system—with one
exception: each tends to put his or her own group at the top of the scale.

Ranking is one
characteristic of ethnocentric thinking: generalizing is another. The more
another group differs from one’s own, the more one is likely to generalize
about its social characteristics and to hold oversimplified attitudes toward
its members. When asked to describe our close friends, we are able to cite
their idiosyncratic traits: we may distinguish among subtle differences of
physiognomy, demeanor, intelligence, and interests. It becomes increasingly
difficult to make the same careful evaluation of casual neighbors; it is almost
impossible when we think of people we do not know at first-hand.
Understandably, the general tendency is to assign strangers to available group
categories that seem to be appropriate. Such labeling is evident in generalized
images of “lazy” Indians, “furtive” Japanese, “passionate” Latins, and
“penny-pinching” Scots.

Ranking others
according to one’s own standards and categorizing them into generalized
stereotypes together serve to widen the gap between “they” and “we.” Freud has
written that “in the undisguised antipathies and aversions which people feel
toward strangers with whom they have to do we may recognize the expression of
self-love—of narcissism,” in sociological terms, a function of ethnocentric
thinking is the enhancement of group cohesion. There is a close relationship
between a high degree of ethnocentrism on the part of one group and an increase
of antipathy toward others. This relationship tends to hold for ethnocentrism
of both dominant and minority groups.

Choose the most
appropriate from the four choices to complete the sentence.

11 The author of the passage means to say
that_____.

A.
ethnocentrism is a psychological problem

B.
ethnocentrism exists parochially

C.
ethnocentrism varies in degree and intensity in different social groups

D.
ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon

12 According to the passage, all of the following have ethnocentric
implications except _____.

A. nationalism

B. family feuds

C. class
snobbishness

D. the
Holocaust

13 The author states that_____.

A. the minority
group tends to internalize the mainstream discriminatory ideas

B. less space
between and among people would prevent discrimination

C. treating
narcissism psychoanalytically would reduce the degree of ethnocentrism

D. judging
people from their point of view tends to remove ethnocentrism

14 The disciplinary, background of the
author is most likely to be_____.

A. political
science

B. psychology

C. sociology

D. anthropology

【答案与解析】

11 D  文中第一段引出“民族优越感”这一现象，第二段第一句讲到，民族优越感在政界以及不同种族间存在。第三段第一句提到，社会上对“they”和“we”的区分也体现出民族优越感。文章最后一句又提到，民族优越感在主流群体及少数民族人群中都存在。所以综合全文来看，作者想要表达的是，民族优越感的存在是个很普遍的现象。

12 D  本题可用排除法。从第二段第二句“Much of the discussion of patriotism and loyalty is … narrow
culture-bound thinking.”可看出，爱国主义和对祖国的忠诚度反应出一种非常狭义的基于本国文化的思维，“nationalism”可看作对“patriotism”的重述，故可排除A项。第一段最后一句提到，当他们回到家后，他们会感到“黑种人”和“白种人”之间的对立，故B项“家庭不和”也可看作是民族优越感的一种暗示，故排除B项。第四段第二句提到“They rate members of minority groups in descending order…”，他们把少数民族人群从高到低分成不同阶级。可看出社会阶级的划分也是民族优越感的一种暗示。故C项也可排除。

13 D  最后一段第一句说到，根据自己的标准把人们划分为不同的类型会增大“they”和“we”之间的隔阂。据此可推断，如果我们站在他人的角度去评判一个人可能会避免民族优越感现象的出现。所以D项正确。

14 C  本文谈论的是一种社会普遍存在的现象——民族优越感，作者分析了社会不同领域，不同群体中的这种现象，还分析了这种现象中暗含的各种诸如种族、宗教、社会阶层等各种社会因素。所以可以推断作者可能是为社会学家。

Answer the question
according to the passage.

15 What ideas are behind the generalized image of “lazy” Indians?
Answer the question in 4 or 5 sentences.

【答案】“Lazy” Indians is
an example of generalizing in ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is a wide-existing phenomenon
in America. Generalizing is one characteristic of ethnocentric thinking. Its
existence reveals the fact that people tend to generalize others, assigning
people to available group categories according to their nationality, race, occupation
or other figures easy to find out before they get a thorough understanding of
them.

Passage D

Nearly a century
ago, biologists found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into
two parts at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop as two
normal embryos. This led them to believe that the cells in the early embryo are
undetermined in the sense that each cell has the potential to develop in a
variety of different ways. Later biologists found that the situation was not so
simple. It matters in which plane the embryo is cut. If it is cut in a plane different
from the one used by the early investigators, it will not form two whole
embryos.

A debate arose
over what exactly was happening. Which embryo cells are determined, just when
do they become irreversible committed to their fates, and what are the
“morphogenetic determinants” that tell a cell what to become? But the debate
could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a
form in which they could be pursued productively. Recent discoveries in
molecular biology, however, have opened up prospects for a resolution of the
debate. Now investigators think they know at least some of the molecules that
act as morphogenetic determinants in early development. They have been able to
show that, in a sense, cell determination begins even before an egg is
fertilized.

Studying sea
urchins, biologist Paul Gross found that an unfertilized egg contains substances
that function as morphogenetic determinants. They are located in the cytoplasm
of the egg cell; i.e., in that part of the cell’s protoplasm that lies outside
of the nucleus. In the unfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and are
not distributed homogeneously. When the egg is fertilized, the substances
become active and, presumable, govern the behavior of the genes they interact
with. Since the substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, when the
fertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are different from the start and so
can be qualitatively different in their own gene activity.

The substances
that Gross studied are maternal messenger RNA’s—products of certain of the
maternal genes. He and other biologists studying a wide variety of organisms have
found that these particular RNA’s direct, in large part, the synthesis of
histones, a class of proteins that bind to DNA. Once synthesized, the histories
move into the cell nucleus, where sections of DNA wrap around them to form a
structure that resembles beads, or knots, on a string. The beads are DNA
segments wrapped around the histone; the string is the intervening DNA. And it
is the structure of these beaded DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells
in which they are located.

Choose the most appropriate
from the four choices to complete the sentence or answer the question.

16 The passage is most probably directed
at which kind of audience?

A. State
legislators deciding about funding levels for a state-funded biological
laboratory.

B. Readers of
an alumni newsletter published by the college that Paul Gross attended

C. Marine
biologists studying the processes that give rise to new species.

D.
Undergraduate biology majors in molecular biology course.

17 It can be inferred form the passage that the morphogenetic
determinants present in the early embryo are _____.

A. evenly
distributed unless the embryo is not developing normally

B. inactive
until the embryo cells become irreversibly committed to their final function

C. identical to
those that were already present in the unfertilized egg

D. present in
larger quantities than is necessary for the development of a single individual

18 The main topic of the passage is _____.

A. the main
contribution of modern embryology to molecular biology

B. the role of
molecular biology in disproving older theories of embryonic development

C. cell
determination as an issue in the study of embryonic development

D. scientific
dogma as a factor in the recent debate over the value of molecular biology

19 According to the passage, the morphogenetic determinants present
in the unfertilized egg cell are which of the following?

A. histones

B. maternal
messenger RNA’s

C. cytoplasm

D. nonbeaded
intervening DNA

【答案与解析】

16 C  本文介绍了形态发生决定子（morphogenetic determinants）的存在和功能，以及它是如何细胞发展以至生物形态形成，形态发生决定子在细胞内的不同分布决定了细胞的发展命运，这就使通过改变形态决定子分布而研究新物种成为可能，关于这个问题的研究是基于海胆类生物的，所以最有可能的读者是研究新物种形成的海洋生物学家。

17 D  第三段第三句指出，正常状态下，形态发生决定子的分布就是不均匀的，故A项错误。第三段第四句指出，它是在卵子受精后被激活，B项错误。第三段第一句提到，Paul Gross发现未受精的鸡蛋含有一些起到形态发生决定子功能的物质，但它们并不能起到作用，要在卵子受精后被激活才成为形态发生决定子，C项错误。最后一段第二句指出，这些物质要大量存在才能指导组织蛋白的合成，故D项正确。

18 C  本文介绍了形态发生决定子如何指导细胞发展以至生物形态形成，形态发生决定子在细胞内的不同分布决定了细胞的发展命运，由此可以得出本文的主要议题是细胞决定胚胎发展的研究。

19 B  最后一段第一句提到，“The substances that Gross studied are maternal messenger RNA’s…”，可见Gross研究的物质是母体信使RNA。

Write a summary.

20 Summarize the passage in 4 or 5
sentences.

【答案】The debate over embryonic
development could not be resolved for nearly a century. Recent discoveries in
molecular biology, however, have opened up prospects for a resolution of the
debate. Biologist Paul Gross found that an unfertilized egg contains substances
that function as morphogenetic determinants，and maternal messenger RNA’s bind to DNA to form a
structure that guides the fate of the cells in which they are located

Part III.  Writing
(total of 30 points)

As a candidate
for the Master’s Degree program in translation, what do you think a professional
translator should be equipped with in order to bridge languages and cultures in
your future career? Write down your thoughts in an essay of about 400 words.
Supply a title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization,
grammar and appropriateness.

【参考范文】

To Be a Professional Translator

A lot of people
believe that translation is just taking text and substituting them into other
languages. However, this is not usually the case. As a
candidate for the Master’s Degree program in translation, I think in order to become a good professional translator,
a professional translator needs to know skill and experience in order to make the right
analysis of the meaning in the target language, and have a deep understanding
in native languages, as well as cultural differences.

The first step
is extensive reading of different translations of different kinds of texts,
since translating requires active knowledge, while analyzing and evaluating
different translations requires passive knowledge. Therefore, receptive skills
should be developed before the productive ones; i.e. by reinforcing their
passive knowledge, students will eventually improve their active knowledge.
Receptive skills improve the students’ language intuition and make them ready
for actual translating. We should read different genres in both source and
target languages including modern literature, contemporary prose, newspapers,
magazines, advertisements, announcements, instructions, etc. Being familiar
with all these genres is important, since they implicitly transfer
culture-specific aspects of a language. Specialized readings are also
suggested: reading recently published articles and journals on theoretical and
practical aspects of translation. The articles will not only improve the
students’ reading skill in general, but also give them insights which will
subconsciously be applied when actually translating.

Secondly, Writing
skills, i.e. the ability to write smoothly and correctly in both source and
target languages, are also important. Writing is in fact the main job of a
translator. We should become familiar with different styles of writing and
techniques and principles of editing and punctuation in both source and target
languages. Editing and punctuation improve the quality and readability of the
translation.

Besides classroom
education, linguistic training and studying abroad you’re going to need some
tools and resources for your language and document translations. First and
foremost you’ll need a computer with internet connection. And, if you’re
traveling abroad you might want to purchase an internet card so you always have
the option of going online. You’ll also need to purchase word processing
software, a telephone, answering machine and fax machine. Other resources
include dictionaries, translation memory software. These tools can be quite
expensive but will be worth the investment in the long run.

To sum up, to become a good translator, it is not something that can happen
overnight. A lot of training, learning, and experience are needed to turn
someone into a good translator. When engaging translators for your work, be
sure to give them a detailed briefing on the work to be done. This will help
minimize any misunderstanding and make the process more efficient.

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