南开大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 南开大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题

考研指导书

1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研题库

南开大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解

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2010年南开大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解

I. Vocabulary and Grammar. (30 points, 1 for
each.)

Directions: There are
30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices
marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then
mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1 Many Americans think a national committee should be formed to
discuss _____ to existing mass transit system.

A. alterations

B. alternations

C. attendants

D. alternatives

【答案】A

【解析】句意：许多美国人认为应当组建一个国家协会来讨论对公共交通系统的修改意见。alterations变更，修改。alternations间隔；轮流，交替。attendants出席者；随从。alternatives选择；供选择的东西。

2 Thank you for applying for a position with our firm. We do not
have any openings at this time, but we shall keep your application on _____ for
two months.

A. pile

B. segment

C. sequence

D. file

【答案】D

【解析】句意：感谢您申请我们公司的职位。公司目前没有职位空缺，不过我们会将您的申请存档两个月。file文件；档案。on file存档，记录下来备查。pile大量；一堆。segment部分；切片；部门；线段。sequence序列；顺序。

3 The oxygen equipment made it possible for the climbers to rest
and sleep at very high _____.

A. latitude

B. altitude

C. level

D. hemisphere

【答案】B

【解析】句意：氧气机使登山者能够在高海拔地区进行休息和睡眠。altitude高度；高处；海拔。latitude纬度，纬度地区。level水平；标准。hemisphere半球。

4 Now the _____ port city near the mouth of the mighty Yangtze
River is hoping to leave its record of turmoil behind and renew its status as
the epicenter of Chinese modernization.

A. flapped

B. congested

C. dined

D. dictated

【答案】B

【解析】句意：现在，这个位于长江附近的拥挤的港口城市期望能将曾经动乱的历史抛在脑后，重新塑造中国现代化中心的地位。congest使充满；使拥塞。congested拥挤的。flap拍打；拍动。dine进餐，用餐。dictate命令；支配。

5 _____, he would not have recovered so
soon.

A. Hadn’t he
been taken good care of

B. Had he not
been taken good care of

C. Had not he
been taken good care of

D. Had he been
not taken good care of

【答案】B

【解析】句意：假如没有受到良好的照顾，他不会恢复的这么快。本题考查虚拟语气，对过去情况的虚拟结构如下：sb/sth would/could/should have done sth, if sth/sb had(not) done sth，其中可以将had提前，其它语序不变，构成倒装句。所以选B。

6 More than one third of the Chinese immigrants in the United
States live in California, _____, in San Francisco.

A. previously

B. predominantly

C. practically

D. permanently

【答案】B

【解析】句意：美国的中国移民中，三分之一的人居住在加利福尼亚州，其中主要以旧金山为主。predominantly主要地；占主导地位地。previously事先；以前。practically事实上；实用地。permanently永存地；不变地。

7 The very essence of civil liberty consists in the right of every
individual to claim the protection of laws, _____ he receives an injury.

A. whenever

B. wherever

C. whereas

D. whichever

【答案】A

【解析】句意：公民自由的核心意义在与保证每个公民不论何时受到伤害，都有权力寻求法律保护。whenever引导时间状语从句，表示“无论何时”，等于no matter when。wherever无论在哪。whereas然而；反之。whichever无论哪一个。B、C、D均不符合句意。

8 The _____ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical
consequence of some physical aspects in the life style of the people.

A. implementation

B. manifestation

C. demonstration

D. expedition

【答案】B

【解析】句意：文化现象的外在表现形式通常是人们某些实际生活方式的自然结果。manifestation外在表现；表现形式。implementation贯彻；实施。demonstration示范；实证。expedition远征；探险；考察。

9 The _____ tourist industry has been unprepared for the very large
number of visitors who are now coming to Britain.

A.
recent-developing

B.
recently-developed

C.
recent-developing

D.
recently-developing

【答案】D

【解析】句意：英国旅游业最近刚刚发展起来，还没有准备好迎接大量来英游客。修饰形容词应该用副词，取recent的副词形式，排除A、C。句中提到旅游业还没有准备好迎接游客，所以是正在发展，而不是已经发展完成，B项中developed表示已经发展完成的，A项中developing表示正在发展中，故选D。

10 The twin brothers slipped out of the room and headed for the
swimming pool without their parents’ ________.

A. command

B. conviction

C. consent

D. compromise

【答案】C

【解析】句意：双胞胎兄弟没有经过父母同意便溜出房间，奔向游泳池。consent同意；许可。command命令，控制；博得，赢得。conviction定罪；坚信，信服。compromise妥协；和解。

11 _____ about the food in the restaurant, but he also refused to
pay for his meal.

A. He did not
only complain

B. Not only he
did complain

C. Not only did
he complain

D. He not only
did complain

【答案】C

【解析】句意：他不仅抱怨餐馆的饭菜，还拒绝为饭菜买单。not
only…but also…不仅……而且，其中not only可以提到句首构成倒装，倒装的同时需要将分句的助动词/be动词提前，故选C。

12 The process of fermentation is _____ by
adding sugar.

A. furthered

B. precipitated

C. hurried

D. accelerated

【答案】D

【解析】句意：加糖可以提高发酵速度。accelerate使加速，加快。further加深，增进。precipitate使突然发生；使突然发生。hurry赶紧；匆忙。

13 _____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A. Although
much he likes her

B. Much
although he likes her

C. As he likes
her much

D. Much as he
likes her

【答案】D

【解析】句意：本题考查让步状语从句，as、though都可以引导让步状语从句，但是只有as引导是从句可以倒装，结构是“形容词/副词+as+主语+谓语动词”，故选D。

14 When decimal currency was introduced, one old man in the village
said, “I don’t think it will _____ round here.”

A. catch up

B. catch out

C. catch on

D. catch in

【答案】C

【解析】句意：十进制货币被引进的时候，村里的一个老人说：“我认为它流行不起来。”catch on流行起来；理解，明白。catch up很快拾起；缠住；赶上。catch out发觉；抓住某人的错处。catch in落入；陷于。

15 The scientist could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.

A. to be based
on

B. to base on

C. which to
base on

D. on which to
base

【答案】D

【解析】句意：科学家很难找到足够的依据来支撑自己关于新理论的观点。grounds（依据）是用来支撑arguments（观点）的，这个意思如果用动词不定式表达，应该为to base
on for，如果用从句表达，应该是on
which to base，所以选D。

16 The English language contains a (an) _____ of words which are
comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

A. altitude

B. latitude

C. multitude

D. attitude

【答案】C

【解析】句意：英语中包含许多日常对话中相对很少用到的单词。 multitude多数，众多。altitude高度；高处；海拔。latitude纬度，纬度地区。attitude态度。

17 The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of
training and retraining scheme, _____ more women to take advantage of
employment opportunities.

A. have allowed

B. allow

C. allowing

D. allows

【答案】D

【解析】句意：随着空闲时间越来越多，工作方式越来越灵活，以及培训和再培训项目的增多，越来越多的女性能够把握到就业机会。主语是“The growth of…retraining scheme”，“more women”是宾语，“to take advantage of employment opportunities”是宾语补足语，句子缺少谓语动词，C项allowing是非谓语形式，故排除C。由于主语“the growth”是单数形式，所以谓语动词应该用单数，排除A、B，选D。

18 Although he has had no formal education, he is one of the _____
businessmen in his company.

A. shrewdest

B. sternest

C. nastiest

D. alertest

【答案】A

【解析】句意：虽然他没有受过正规教育，但却是公司最精明的生意人之一。shrewd精明的；机灵的。stern严厉的；坚定的。nasty污秽的；险恶的。alert警觉的；留心的。

19 The heart is _____ intelligent than the stomach, for they are
both controlled by the brain.

A. not so

B. much more

C. not more

D. no more

【答案】D

【解析】句意：心脏并不比胃聪明，因为他们都受大脑的支配。“than“的出现说明此处要用比较级，排除A。B项意思不符合句意。no more…than…是固定搭配，比起……来，并不……，排除C，选D。

20 Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock
come mostly from _____ on earth
than bacteria on Mars.

A. configuration

B. constitution

C. condemnation

D. contamination

【答案】D

【解析】句意：《科学》杂质上的一篇论文认为，岩石中的有机化学物大多是地球上的污染物而非火星上的细菌所产生的。contamination污染；致污物。configuration结构；配置。constitution宪法；体质；构造。condemnation批评责难；（罪的）宣告。

21 Several decades ago, wealthy people
liked hunting wild animals for fun _____ sightseeing.

A. rather than
to go

B. more than
going

C. other than
going

D. than to go

【答案】B

【解析】句意：几十年前，相当于观光旅行，富人们更喜欢从打猎中获取乐趣。这里把hunting wild animals和going sightseeing进行了对比，所以要用比较级，主体结构是like…more than…。所以选B.

22 Tens of thousands of diplomats, scientists, ecologists and _____
hangers-on are expected to gather in dozens of auditoriums for nearly 400
official and unofficial events.

A. assorted

B. obedient

C. inaccessible

D. coarse

【答案】A

【解析】句意：数百万的外交家、科学家、生态学家和各式各样的追随者将聚集在几十个会堂中参加近四百项官方和非官方的活动。assorted组合的；各式各样的。obedient服从的；孝顺的。inaccessible难接近的；难达成的。coarse粗糙的；粗俗的。

23 As my father is not _____ with the language, he has asked me to
assume the role of private secretary and meet you on his behalf.

A. lounged

B. logged

C. acquainted

D. omitted

【答案】C

【解析】句意：由于我父亲不太熟悉这门语言，他要我担任他的私人秘书，代表他与您会面。acquaint使了解，使熟知。be acquainted with熟悉……。lounge闲荡；懒洋洋地躺卧；虚度光阴。伐（木）；log把……记入航海日志。omit省略；遗漏。

24 —“May I speak to your manager Mr.
Cooper at three o’clock this Friday afternoon?”

—“I’m sorry.
Mr. Cooper _____ to a conference long before then.”

A. will have
gone

B. had have
gone

C. would have
gone

D. has gone

【答案】A

【解析】句意：“我可以在本周五下午三点同你的经理Cooper先生通话吗？”“不好意思，Cooper先生在那之前将去参加一个会议。”这里考察将来完成时的用法，结构为will
have done…，故选C。

25 Confucianism has evolved into a culture of rationalistic
traditionalism, a combination of traditional _____ and group virtues with a
pragmatism shaped by the conditions of a new competitive environment.

A. helm

B. assault

C. filial

D. derivation

【答案】C

【解析】句意：儒教已经发展成为一种理性的传统文化，它将传统的孝道、集体美德同新的竞争环境下形成的实用主义结合在一起。filial孝顺。helm舵。assault攻击，袭击。derivation由来，出处。

26 One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _____ to
its burning temperature.

A. is heated

B. will be
heated

C. be heated

D. would be heated

【答案】C

【解析】句意：燃烧的一个要求是材料的温度达到着火点。表示“命令”、“要求”等意思的词，如文中的“requirements”引导的宾语从句或表语从句，从句谓语动词用原形。

27 After years of negotiation, an international agreement to
conserve _____ species and ecosystems has finally been changed.

A. ventilated

B. imperiled

C. utilized

D. modified

【答案】B

【解析】句意：通过多年的谈判，终于完成了对一项关于保护濒危物种和生态系统的国际协约的修订。ventilated通风的。imperiled处于危险中的。utilized被利用的。modified修改的，变更的。

28 Nobody saw the CEO at the seminar; he _____ at it

A. couldn’t
have spoken

B. couldn’t
speak

C. mustn’t have
spoken

D. shouldn’t
have spoken

【答案】A

【解析】句意：在研讨会上，没有人看到CEO，所以他不可能去参加了研讨会。couldn’t do sth，不可能做某事（很有把握的猜测），由于句中表示的是对过去情况的猜测，所以用couldn’t have done结构，选A。

29 These pictures will show you _____.

A. what does
our high-tech incubator look like

B. what our
high-tech incubator looks like

C. how does our
high-tech incubator look like

D. how our
high-tech incubator looks like

【答案】B

【解析】句意：这些照片向我们展示了高科技保温箱的模样。对“是……样子”提问方式为“What do(es) sth look like”，排除C、D。宾语从句应该用陈述句语序，排除A。故选B。

30 With Schindler’s List, the true story of a German businessman
who saved more than 1O00 Jews during the Holocaust, Steven Allan Spielberg
appears determined to prove that he can make a movie that will _____ all
expectations.

A. fall short
of

B. live up to

C. run contrary
to

D. get out of

【答案】B

【解析】通过电影“辛德勒的名单”，史蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格证明他可以制作一个满足所有人期待的电影。“辛德勒的名单”讲述的是一个德国商人在大屠杀中挽救了一千个犹太人性命的故事。live up to符合，不辜负。fall short of达不到，未达到。run contrary to违反；背道而驰。

II. Reading
Comprehension (40 points)

Section One: Read and
make the best choice (20 points, 2 for each)

Directions: There are
two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,
D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding on the
Answer Sheet.

Passage One

In terms of pure quantity of research and debate, business
schools have performed amazingly in promoting management as a distinctive
activity. No other discipline has produced as much in such a short period. It
is unclear yet how much of it will stand the test of time, but for sheer
industry, the business school deserve credit. Not a day goes by without another
wave of research papers, books, articles, and journals.

In these terms, schools have produced a generally accepted
theoretical basis for management. When it comes to knowledge creation, however,
they find themselves in difficulties. They are caught between the need for
academic rigour and for real-world business relevance, which tend to pull in
opposite directions. The desire to establish management as a credible
discipline leads to research that panders to traditional academic criteria. The
problem for business school researchers is that they seek the approval of their
academic peers rather than the business community. In the United States this
has led to the sort of grand ‘paper clip counting’ exercises that meet demands
for academic rigour but fail to add one iota to the real sum of human
knowledge.

Business schools have too often allowed the constraints of
the academic world to cloud their view of the real world. Business school
researchers seek provable theories—rather than helpful theories. They have
championed a prescriptive approach to management based on analysis and, more
recently, on fashionable ideas that soon disappear into the ether. The ‘one
best way’ approach encourages researchers to mould the idiosyncrasies of
managerial reality into their tightly defined models of behaviour. Figures and
statistics are fitted into linear equations and tidy models. Economists and
other social scientists label this cure smoothing. Meanwhile, reality
continually refuses to co-operate.

Central to this is the tension between relevance and
rigour. In a perfect world, there would be no need to choose between the two.
But in the business school world, the need to satisfy academic criteria and be
published in journals often tilts the balance away from relevance. In other
words, it is often easier to pursue quantifiable objectives than it is to add
anything useful to the debate about management. To a large extent, the entire
business school system works against useful, knowledge-creating research.
Academics have five years in which to prove themselves if they are to make the
academic grade. It seems long enough. But it can take two or even three years
to get into a suitable journal. They therefore have around three years,
probably less, to come up with an area of interest and carry out meaningful and
original research. This is a demanding timescale. The temptation must be to
slice up old data in new ways rather than pursue genuinely groundbreaking,
innovative research.

It is a criticism also made by some business school
insiders. “Academic journals tend to find more and more techniques for testing
more and more obscure theories. They are asking trivial questions and answering
them exactly. There has to be a backlash,” says Julian Birkinshaw of London
Business School. In large part, the problem goes back to a time when business
schools were trying to establish themselves. Up until the 1960s, American business
schools were dismissed as pseudo-academic institutions, including the
universities of which they often formed a part, regarded them as a little more
than vocational colleges. Since then, most of the leading schools have
undergone major reassessments and introduced sweeping changes. However, it is
questionable whether those changes have gone far enough.

1 What does the first
paragraph suggest about the research generated by business schools?

A. Its quality is variable.

B. Its lasting value is uncertain.

C. It has always been produced too quickly.

D. It has had no influence on management.

2 In paragraph two,
the writer argues that business school research _____.

A. takes a negative view of the business community

B. has failed to give credibility to management as a
discipline

C. is directed at the wrong audience

D. does not stand up to academic scrutiny

3 In the second paragraph, the writer
criticizes the theories of management produced by business schools for being
_____.

A.
incomprehensible

B.
contradictory

C.
vague

D. inflexible

4 In the third paragraph, the writer says that
the business school system causes academics to _____.

A. be satisfied with reinterpreting previous research

B. avoid complicated business issues

C. concentrate on very narrow fields of study

D. focus on topics no longer relevant to business needs

5 What do we learn
about business schools in the last paragraph?

A. They are reluctant to admit to failings.

B. They resent criticism of their academic journal.

C. They used to be looked down on by other institutions.

D. They are comfortable with the current situation.

【答案与解析】

1B  句意：第一段中，作者认为商业学校进行的研究是否具有长期意义，这一点还不确定。第一段第三句指出“It is unclear yet how much of it will stand the
test of time”，即这些研究成果能否经得起时间考验还不确定，故选B。

2C  句意：在第二段中，作者认为商业学校的研究选错了观众。第二段第五句“The problem for business school researchers is that they seek the
approval of their academic peers rather than the business community.”，指出商业学校追求学术同行的认可，而非商界的认可，意思是他们选错了受众，故选C。

3D  句意：第二段中，作者批评商业学校研究出的管理理论因循守旧。第二段第四句中，作者指出商业学校为了把管理学建设成一个完整的学科体系，而迎合传统的学术标准，所以是死板、不灵活的，选D。

4B  句意：第三段中，作者指出商业学校体系导致学术研究远离复杂的商业问题。第三段第二句，作者认为商业学校专注于可以证明的理论，并在第三句中指出他们的研究的基于分析和暂时出现的流行现象，倒数第三句指出“Figures and statistics are fitted into linear equations and tidy
models.”，这些都说明他们分析的是简单的问题，而避免研究复杂问题。

5C  我们可以从最后一段得出，商业学校曾经受到其他机构的歧视。最后一段倒数第三句“…American business schools were dismissed as pseudo-academic
institutions…regarded
them as a little more than vocational colleges.”，可以得出商业学校曾被认为是“伪科学机构”、“比职业院校稍好一点”，故选C。

Passage Two

Global warming was once an uncommon term used by a few
scientists who were growing concerned over the effects of decades of pollution
on long-term weather patterns. Today, the idea of global warming is well known,
if not well understood. It is not unusual to hear someone complaining about a
hot day or a freak storm and remark, “It’s global warming.”

Global
warming is a significant increase in the Earth’s climatic temperature over a
relatively short period of time as a result of the activities of humans.

In specific terms, an increase of 1 or more degrees Celsius
in a period of one hundred to two hundred years would be considered global
warming. Over the course of a single century, an increase of even 0.4 degrees
Celsius would be significant.

Most scientists recognize that global warming does seem to
be happening, but a few don’t believe that it is anything to be worried about.
These scientists say that the Earth is more resistant to climate changes on
this scale than we think. Plants and animals will adapt to subtle shifts in
weather patterns, and it is unlikely anything catastrophic will happen as a
result of global warming. Slightly longer growing seasons, changes in
precipitation levels and stronger weather, in their opinion, are not generally
disastrous. They also argue that the economic damage caused by cutting down on
the emission of greenhouse gases will be far more damaging to humans than any
of the effects of global warming.

In
a way, the scientific consensus may be a moot point. The real power to enact
significant change rests in the hands of those who make national and global
policy. Some policymakers in the United States are reluctant to propose and
enact changes because they feel the costs may outweigh any risks global warming
poses. Some common concerns, claims and complaints include: A change in the
United States’ policies in emissions and carbon production could result in a
loss of jobs; India and China, both of which continue to rely heavily on coal
for their main source of energy, will continue to cause environmental problems
even if the United States changes its energy policies (critics of these
policymakers point out that this approach employs the tu quoque logical fallacy);
Since scientific evidence is about probabilities rather than certainties, we
can’t be certain that human behavior is contributing to global warming, that
our contribution is significant, or that we can do anything to fix it; Technology
will find a way to get us out of the global warming mess, so any change in our
policies will ultimately be unnecessary and cause more harm than good.

What’s
the correct answer? It can be hard to figure out. Most scientists will tell you
that global warming is real and that it is likely to do some kind of harm, but
the extent of the problem and the danger posed by its effects are wide open for
debate.

Though
scientists warn that global warming will likely continue for centuries because
of the long natural processes involved, there are a few things we can do to
decrease the effects. Basically, they all boil down to this: Don’t use as much
of the stuff that creates greenhouse gases. On a local level, you can help by
using less energy. The electricity that operates many of the devices in our
homes comes from a power plant, and most power plants burn fossil fuels to
generate that power. Turn off lights when they’re not in use. Take shorter
showers to use less hot water. Use a fan instead of an air conditioner on a
warm day.

Here
are some other specific ways you can help decrease greenhouse-gas emissions:
Make sure your car is properly tuned up. This allows it to run more efficiently
and generate fewer harmful gases; Walk or ride your bike if possible, or
carpool on your way to work. Cars burn fossil fuel, so smaller, more fuel-efficient
cars emit less CO2, particularly hybrid cars; Turn lights and other appliances
off when you’re not using them. Even though a light bulb doesn’t generate
greenhouse gas, the power plant that generates the electricity used by the
light bulb probably does. Switch from incandescent light bulbs to fluorescent bulbs,
which use less energy and last longer; Recycle. Garbage that doesn’t get
recycled ends up in a landfill, generating methane. Recycled goods also require
less energy to produce than products made from scratch; Plant trees and other
plants where you can. Plants take carbon dioxide out of the air and release
oxygen. Don’t burn garbage. This releases carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons into
the atmosphere.

To
really stem the emission of greenhouse gases, we need to develop non-fossil
fuel energy sources. Hydro-electric power, solar power, hydrogen engines and
fuel cells could all create big cuts in greenhouse gases if they were to become
more common.

At
the international level, the Kyoto treaty was written to reduce CO2 and other
greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Thirty-five industrialized nations have
committed to reducing their output of those gases to varying degrees.
Unfortunately, the United States, the world’s primary producer of greenhouse
gases, did not sign the treaty.

In
March, 2007, former Vice President Al Gore testified in front of Congress and
urged them to make some very challenging changes in national policy. These
include: Freeze carbon production at the current level and create programs to
reduce carbon production by 90 percent by 2050; Shift taxation from employment
and production to a taxation upon pollution; Create an international treaty
that would effectively comply with the Kyoto treaty without carrying the same
perceived political baggage; Halt the construction of all new coal-based power
facilities unless they comply with restrictions on carbon production; Increase
emission standards across the board for both the automobile industry and power
facilities; Ban incandescent light bulbs. Gore admits that the decision to
enact these and other proposed responses to global warming can be difficult. He
also says that climate change is not just a crisis, but the most important
crisis mankind has ever faced.

6 Which of the following
statements will the author agree with?

A. It is a common belief in the scientific sphere
that global warming will bring about significant result on the planet earth.

B. It is research findings that will contribute
mostly to the ease of global warming.

C. One of the solutions for reducing global warming
is to adopt the landfill for garbage disposal.

D. The citizenry should cooperate and coordinate
well so as to fight against global warming.

7 The author cited the example of the probable
result for the change of policy in the United States (paragraph 5) in order to _____.

A. indicate the impact for the alteration in US
policy can be severe

B. point out the difference in policies adopted in
US and that in China and India

C. explain why there are obstacles in taking some
measures against global warming

D. convince the readers it is too expensive to stop
the global warming

8 What can be inferred
from this passage?

A. Global warming involves a long process which
will continue for centuries, and we can do something to decrease its effects.

B. Developing countries are producing more global
warming than the developed world.

C. Various natural phenomena such as solar
radiation and volcanoes produced most of the warming.

D. An increase in global temperature will cause sea
levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation,
probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.

9 All of the following are mentioned in this
passage as solutions employed in halting global warming EXCEPT ______.

A. plant as many plants as possible

B. park the car halfway and then take a walk to
your office

C. use energy-efficient appliances rather than the
normal ones

D. turn off all the appliances when they are not
working

10 What is true of the
new international treaty proposed in Al Gore’s speech?

A. It will bear the signature of thirty-five
industrialized nations who have committed to reducing their output of those
gases to varying degrees.

B. It is revised on the basis of Kyoto Treaty,
which mainly deals with CO2 and greenhouse gas emission.

C. Certain articles in the Kyoto Treaty will not
appear in this new treaty to ease political burden.

D. It is difficult to be verified due to the
current methods for estimating greenhouse gas emissions.

【答案与解析】

6D  第四段第一句，作者指出科学界对全球变暖仍为达成共识，排除A。第五段第二句，说明缓解全球变暖的真正权力掌握在政策制定者手中，排除B。倒数第四段提到“Garbage that doesn’t get recycled ends up in a landfill, generating
methane.”，指的是垃圾可以用来制造沼气，C项不符合原文。文中作者介绍了许多可以全民参与的方法来缓解全球变暖趋势，说明作者支持公民参与合作共同对抗这一问题，D项正确。

7C  句意：作者列举了美国政策变化可能引起的一些结果是为了说明对抗全球变暖面临着很多阻碍。第五段第四句中，作者指出政策变化可能引起的后果有失业等，这些不好的后果导致美国不想改变政策，也就使对抗全球变暖面临阻碍。

8A  句意：文章暗示全球变暖是一个将持续几个世纪的长期过程，我们可以采取一些措施来减轻它的危害。参见文章第七段第一句。

9B  参见文章第四段。“Plant trees and other plants where you can smaller…”，故A项符合原文。“…more fuel-efficient cars
emit less CO2…”，故C项符合原文。 “Turn lights and other appliances off when you’re not using them.”，故D项也符合原文。选B。

10B  参见最后一段第二句子“…Create an international treaty that would effectively comply with
the Kyoto treaty…”，故选B。

Section Two: Read and
answer question (20 points, 4 for each question)

Directions:
There are two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by two or
three questions. You should write your answer to the questions on the Answer
Sheet.

Passage one

In
1762, Rousseau1 published his book Emile, which shook education to its very
foundations.

Rousseau
launched the modern era of schooling, teaching, and learning. Beginning with
his educational insights and following with practices developed by Johann
Pestalozzi, education shifted to a whole new set of assumptions. Truly we could
say that man began to think of education from the bottom up. With the belief
that man is basically good, education was no longer seen as an instrument to
discipline the will, suppress the animal appetites, or save a worthless soul.
With the belief that children do not learn like adults, the content, sequence,
and approach to subject matter changed. With a new appreciation for how people
learn came3 a new appreciation for elementary education and the professional
training of elementary teachers. With the rise of suffrage and concern for the
common man came the notion that practical education could provide social and
economic opportunity. Education could also help put man in control of his own
destiny. In short, education was seen to begin at the bottom, based on the
natural and social realities of the world. Man and his practical concerns were
the new starting points in the educational quest.

In
the Social Contract 4 Rousseau eloquently expressed his belief that man is
naturally born noble and free. Society is artificial. Equality and liberty are
the natural rights of man.

For
Rousseau the proper convention or social contract would be one 5 that would
preserve the natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. A
society has the right to overthrow any leader, government, or external power
that violates this democratic covenant.

Emile
did for education what The Social Contract did for politics6. Emile was a
novel, a fictionalized account of how Rousseau would raise an imaginary son,
Emile. To educate the child, Rousseau removed him from corrupt society and sent
him with a tutor to a rural environment. There he learned from nature. The
first words in Emile are as follows: “God makes all things good; man meddles
with them and they become evil.” According to Rousseau, only by living close to
nature can one’s natural goodness properly unfold and develop.

Rousseau’s
revolutionary educational achievement was the formulation of a developmental
psychology. Modern theories of developmental psychology differ from Rousseau’s
original view, but they owe their beginnings to him. Rousseau’s psychology of
the individual is a recapitulation theory. In such a theory, the individual’s
development from birth to adulthood is pictured as comparable to the
developmental epochs of civilization. Each individual, in growing up, passes
through the basic developmental stages of mankind. For Rousseau these stages
were the Animal Stage (birth to age 5 years), a stage marked by the development
of sense perception and motor activity; the Savage Stage (age 5 to 12 years), a
stage marked by the development of self－consciousness; the
Rational Stage (age 12 to 15 years), a stage marked by the development of the
powers of reason; and the Social Stage (age 15 to 20 years), a stage marked by
the development of sexual maturity, social relationships, and moral conscience.

Developmental
stages that unfold according to a natural plan dictate the method,
organization, and content of education. Here Rousseau made a radical break from
the past, The child was no longer a miniature adult who should learn what
adults wanted him to learn. The concerns of society did not take precedent over
the concerns of the individual. The child’s individual nature was the thing of
importance. Education should be based on a thorough understanding of the
developmental nature of children.

Questions:

1 According to Rousseau,
what does a contractual society look like?

2 Why is developmental
psychology so important in Rousseau’s education theory?

3 How to understand the sentence ‘Emile did for
education what The Social Contract did for politics’?

【答案与解析】

1 A contractual society is one where man is born
noble and equal, one which preserves the natural rights to life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness and one which has the right to overthrow any leader,
government, or external power that violates the democratic covenant.

（参考文章第三、四段。契约社会是民主、自由的社会。）

2 Because through developmental psychology, which
dictates the method, organization, and content of education, Rousseau made a
radical break from the past. It gives initiatives to children, so that they are
not all passive receiver of knowledge. It holds that education doesn’t mean to
teach things as chosen by the adults, instead, it should take the development
of the child, which is the thing of importance, into consideration.

（参见文章倒数一、二段，倒数第二段说明了发展心理学的含义，最后一段阐述了其重要性。）

3 The sentence means that Emile impose significant
influence on education. The meaning of Emile to education is similar to that of
Social Contract to politics. Social Contract gives liberty and rights to
participate in country affairs, while Emile demonstrates that children should
be given initiative in education instead of being a passive learner. They have
a right to show what they need to learn and what is best for their development.
Adults should thoroughly understand the developmental nature of children so as
to offer them the best education。

（这句话是文章第五段第一句。答题要点是《爱弥儿》这本书揭示了在教育中，儿童应该被赋予主观能动性，而《社会契约论》是表达应该赋予人民权利，两者异曲同工，都是主张赋予传统意义上的被领导者以权利和能动性。）

Passage Two

NATIONS,
like people, occasionally get the blues; and right now the United States,
normally the world’s most self-confident place, is glum. Eight out of ten
Americans think their country is heading in the wrong direction. The hapless
George Bush is partly to blame for this: his approval ratings are now sub-Nixonian.
But many are concerned not so much about a failed president as about a flailing
nation.

One
source of angst is the sorry state of American capitalism (see article). The
“Washington consensus” told the world that open markets and deregulation would
solve its problems. Yet American house prices are falling faster than during
the Depression, petrol is more expensive than in the 1970s, banks are
collapsing, the euro is kicking sand in the dollar’s face, credit is scarce,
recession and inflation both threaten the economy, consumer confidence is an
oxymoron and Belgians have just bought Budweiser, “America’s beer”.

And
it’s not just the downturn that has caused this discontent. Many Americans feel
as if they missed the boom. Between 2002 and 2006 the incomes of 99% rose by an
average of 1% a year in real terms, while those of the top 1% rose by 11% a
year; three-quarters of the economic gains during Mr. Bush’s presidency went to
that top 1%. Economic envy, once seen as a European vice, is now rife. The rich
appear in Barack Obama’s speeches not as entrepreneurial role models but as
modern versions of the “malefactors of great wealth” denounced by Teddy
Roosevelt a century ago: this lot, rather than building trusts, avoid taxes and
ship jobs to Mexico. Globalisation is under fire: free trade is less popular in
the United States than in any other developed country, and a nation built on
immigrants is building a fence to keep them out. People mutter about nation－building
beginning at home: why, many wonder, should American children do worse at reading
than Polish ones and at maths than Lithuanians?

Abroad,
America has spent vast amounts of blood and treasure, to little purpose. In
Iraq, finding an acceptable exit will look like success; Afghanistan is
slipping. America’s claim to be a beacon of freedom in a dark world has been
dimmed by Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib and the flouting of the Geneva Conventions
amid the panicky “unipolar” posturing in the aftermath of September 11th.

Now
the world seems very multipolar. Europeans no longer worry about American
ascendancy. The French, some say, understood the Arab world rather better than
the neoconservatives did. Russia, the Gulf Arabs and the rising powers of Asia
scoff openly at the Washington consensus. China in particular spooks
America—and may do so even more over the next few weeks of Olympic medal-gathering.
Americans are discussing the rise of China and their consequent relative
decline; measuring when China’s economy will be bigger and counting its
missiles and submarines has become a popular pastime in Washington. A few years
ago, no politician would have been seen with a book called “The Post-American
World”. Mr. Obama has been conspicuously reading Fareed Zakaria’s recent
volume.

America
has got into funks before now. In the 1950s it went into a Sputnik-driven spin
about Soviet power; in the 1970s there was Watergate, Vietnam and the oil
shocks; in the late 1980s Japan seemed to be buying up America. Each time, the
United States rebounded, because the country is good at fixing itself. Just as
American capitalism allows companies to die, and to be created, quickly, so its
political system reacts fast. In Europe, political leaders emerge slowly,
through party hierarchies; in America, the primaries permit inspirational
unknowns to burst into the public consciousness from nowhere.

Still,
countries, like people, behave dangerously when their mood turns dark. If
America fails to distinguish between what it needs to change and what it needs
to accept, it risks hurting not just allies and trading partners, but also
itself.

Questions:

4 In your opinion, why
were Americans unhappy at the loss of Budweiser or “America’s beer”?

5 How to interpret the return of the modern
version of “malefactors of great wealth” (paragraph 3)?

【答案与解析】

4 Because the loss of Budweiser, “America’s beer”
is an example that demonstrates the American economy is undergoing a downturn.
Moreover, due to this down turn, the Americans feels as if they missed the good
period when economy was booming—there was very little salary rise over the past
several years. Also, in my opinion, the self-proudness of the Americans may be struck
by the loss of the beer, since it used to be a name card of America, but now
belongs to other country.

(参考文章第二、三段。百威啤酒品牌的失去表明美国经济处于萧条状态，这种萧条也影响了人们的生活水平，同时国家品牌的失去可能打击国民自豪感，所以美国人不高兴失去百威。)

5 In paragraph two, the author demonstrated that the rich people
got much more salary rise than the not rich ones, which means they are becoming
richer and richer. It is like they are gathering wealth while the poor get
poorer, so they are called “malefactors
of great wealth”. This phenomenon used to happen in European in ancient times,
as the landlord exploited people and get money, but in modern time, it comes to
America, that’s why it is called the return of the modern version of
“malefactors of great wealth”.

（参考第三段最后一句和第四段的内容，解释的重点在于“return”、“modern version”和“malefactors of great wealth”。the return of
the modern version of “malefactors of great wealth”现代版“敛财恶人”的回归。）

III. Writing (30 points)

Some people believe
success comes from careful planning, hard work and patience. Others hold
success simply results from massive risk—taking and chances. What is your
opinion?

Directions: Write an essay of about 4oo words on your view
of the topic.

【参考范文】

The Road to Success

There has a general
discussion about how can we achieve success. Some people hold the opinion that
success comes from careful planning, hard work and patience, while some other
believe that we can achieve success simply by taking risks. For my part, I am
in favor of the opinion that thorough plan, hard work and patience is the path
to success. My reasons are as following.

To begin with,
careful plans point out directions for us. Whatever goals we want to achieve,
it is of necessity for us to make thorough plans. The commonest example is the
field of architecture. Before a building is in construction, the architect must
design a blueprint so that the workers have a guide. Does anyone have seen a
building built without a careful plan? I think the answer is negative. Even in
our daily life, we actually are making plan all the time. At the beginning of a
day, we make a daily plan—when to have breakfast, when to go to school, when to have a short
break to relax ourselves, when to go home… without daily plans, our life may
run into a mess. Even these daily routines need to be planed; we have no reason
to think nothing of plans during struggling to success.

Secondly, action
speaks louder than words. Making a careful plan is just a beginning and far
from enough—we have
to work hard to practice the plan. In my childhood I used to read many fairy
tales, from which I learn that tigers can not get meat if they do not hunt for
small animals and fight with enemies; people can not get bread if they do not
work in their farmlands. Fairy tales as they are, we can draw a conclusion:
hard work is the only way to bring dreams to reality.

At last, since
for many times we try hard but get nothing, it is patience that bring to us
final success. When animals are hunting, they can hide themselves in the grass
for many days, without even a slight move. Once the preys come near enough,
they will attack them quickly and accurately. Sometimes we need to learn from
those animals the worth of patience. A person who can endure failure and
waiting can reach the final success.

Of course, I
admit the function of risks, for if one is brave enough to take risks he may
find a shortcut. However, it is unwise to pin success to risk-taking.

In conclusion, as have been discussed
above, I stand firmly on the side that thorough plans, hard work and patience
is the path to success.

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