南开大学语言学基础考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解

2. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题

2. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解

书籍目录

部分内容

2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解

考试科目：应用语言学

I. Illustrate each of
the following terms briefly. (45 points)

1. prescriptive linguistics

【答案】Prescriptive linguistics: the linguistics
that tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. It seeks to tell people
how language ought to be used by those who wish to use it.

2. Displacement

【答案】Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what
is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen
in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables
language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who
is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.

3.IPA

【答案】IPA: the
abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the
International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a
set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.

4 suprasegmental

【答案】Suprasegmental: aspects
of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle
Suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.

5 blendings

【答案】Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining the
initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by
joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, the word “smog” is
blended from “smoke” and “fog”.

6 denotation

【答案】Denotation: the core
sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the
dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary
meaning, opposite to connotation.

7 hyponymy

【答案】Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general,
more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning
is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its
hyponyms. For example, the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal”
and “rabbit”.

8 stem

【答案】A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an
inflectional affix can be added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-”
in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be
equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root
and a derivational affix.

9 inflectional morpheme

【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called
inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of
words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate
grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a
typical example of this kind.

10 back-formation

【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word
is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the
language. For example, from “editor” the word “edit” was generated.

11 c-command

【答案】C-command: A c-commands B if and only if: 1)
A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A; 2) The first branching dominating
A also dominates B.

12 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

【答案】Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts: linguistic determinism
and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a
language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages
offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak
differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive
processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus,
speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The
hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version
and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine
people’s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence
the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to
the weak version.

13 context of situation

【答案】Context of situation: It refers to the
linguistic and situational environment in which a word, utterance or text
occurs. The meaning of utterances, etc., is determined not only by the literal meaning
of the words used but also by the context or situation in which they occur.

14 corpus linguistics

【答案】Corpus linguistics: an approach to
investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large
databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to
corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the
distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the
investigation of lexico-grammatical associations, and issues in language
acquisition and development.

15 CALL

【答案】CALL: It is the abbreviation of
computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in
the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL
programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step,
asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response,
the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.

II. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (10
points)

1 []

【答案】voiceless postalveolar fricative

2 [j]

【答案】palatal approximant

3

【答案】glottal plosive

4 [w]

【答案】bilabial approximant

5 [x]

【答案】voiceless velar fricative

6 [υ]

【答案】high back lax rounded vowel

7 [æ]

【答案】low front lax unrounded vowel

8 [p]

【答案】voiceless bilabial plosive

9

【答案】voiceless aspirated affricate

10 [d]

【答案】voiced post-alveolar affricate

III. Read each of the following statements carefully
and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points)

1 Odgen and Richards argue that the
relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。奥格登和理查兹在《意义的意义》一书中提出了语义三角的理论。他们认为词与所指事物之间没有直接的关系。它们是以概念为中介的。概念是抽象的，没有物质存在，只能通过我们的思维来感知。因此该表述正确。

2 In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires
knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as lexical.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查Hymes的语言交际能力的相关知识。语言交际能力认为语言学习者不仅学习语法知识，也学习运用语言交际的能力。因此该表述有误。

3 The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical
knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use
of language in concrete situation.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查语言能力的含义。乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的语言能力，语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。因此该表述正确。

4 An achievement test assesses how much a
learner has mastered the contents of a particular course.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查成就测试的目的。成就测试是为了评估一个学习者对某一特定课程内容的掌握情况。

5 In the Classical theory, Chomsky’s aim is to make linguistics a
science. This theory is characterized by three features; (1) emphasis on
prescription of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules; and (3)
grammatical description regardless of language formation.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查乔姆斯基的经典理论。经典理论强调语言的生成能力，引入了转换规则，强调语法描述。因此该表述有误。

6 Generative grammar is a system of rules that in some explicit and
well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查生成语法的含义。乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写，定义明确严格的规则系统”。因此该表述正确。

7 Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameter
which do not rhyme.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查无韵诗的特点。无韵诗是由不押韵的五音步诗组成的。因此该表述正确。

8 The initial consonants are identical in
alliteration.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查头韵的特点。头韵作为一种修辞，指的是两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同。因此该表述正确。

9 The co-operative principle was proposed
by Grice.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查合作原则的提出者。合作原则是由格莱斯提出的，因此该表述正确。

10 The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined
by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the
free association of ideas and impressions in the mind.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查意识流的相关知识。“意识流”是美国机能主义心理学家先驱詹姆斯在其《心理学原理》一书中创造的用来表示意识的流动特性：个体的经验意识是一个统一的整体，但是意识的内容是不断变化的，从来不会静止不动。因此该表述正确。

IV. Answer the following questions. (40 points)

1 Why do people take duality as one of the important design
features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no
such design feature?

【答案】

Duality makes
our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of
a small number of elements—for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a
small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words, there can be
astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can
combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do
not have this design feature of human language.

If language had
no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system
which consists only a number of basic sounds, and this would be highly limited.
Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations
(e.g. words), which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the umber of
messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.

2 What are the differences between voiced
sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?

【答案】When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes
between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless,
consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way; but when the vocal cords are
drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it
passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are
described as voiced [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.

3 What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the
relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?

【答案】

Morphophoneme
refers to the phoneme (or
string of phonemes) that constitutes the various allomorphs of a morpheme.

Relationship
between phoneme and morphophoneme:

Generally
speaking, the concept of morphophoneme adds a grammatical meaning to the
concept of phoneme. For example, as to the phoneme /s/, it is in fact a
configuration of allomorphs of different morphemes, such as the plural morpheme
and the 3^rd person present simple morpheme. Therefore, we would
regard this phoneme as a morphophoneme, represented as |s|.

4 How do you understand the claim that there are only two tenses in
English, present and past?

【答案】

The English
verbs are inflected for two tenses: present (walks) and past (walked). In other
words, tense is indicated by morphological marking: zero/-s for present tense
and -ed for regular past tense. Tense is not necessarily straightforwardly
related to what TIME the event represented by the verb takes place. For
instance, the simple present tense can be used to refer to various times.

Other English
language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called
auxiliaries. The future, for instance can be made in a number of ways, by using
the modal auxiliary will, or the semi-auxiliary be going to.
Since the expression of future time does not involve any inflection of the
verb, we do not refer to a “future tense”. Strictly speaking, there
are only two tenses in English: present and past.

5 What is the purpose of studying language and mind?

【答案】The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind
in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language
production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind
are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on
fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind”
is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy.
Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological
reality of linguistic structures.

6 Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory.

【答案】

Speech act
theory, originally proposed by Austin, is a philosophical explanation of the
nature of linguistic communication.

Austin made a
distinction between what he called “constatives’’ and “performatives”.
Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus
verifiable; performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state
a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

Later on, for a
variety of reasons, Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives
and performatives. He set up another model to explain the way acts were
performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be
performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary
act, and perlocutionary act.

7 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support
your argument with Cooperative Principle.

A: When is the
bus coming?

B: There has
been an accident further up the road.

【答案】On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not
provide a direct answer to A’s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative
in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant
response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B’s utterance in such a
way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite
possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able
to come.

8 Please list and explain the 7 types of
meaning recognized by G. Leech.

【答案】

The seven types
of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated
as follows:

(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or
denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is
concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers
to.

(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what
language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.

(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social
circumstances of language use.

(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the
feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through
association with another sense of the same expression.

(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association
with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.

The five types
of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in
the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is
enough to explain their use.

(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the
message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since
it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different
prominence they each receive.

9 On noticing a friend wearing a new tie, John says to him “That’s
really a nice tie”. Please comment on John’s compliment in light of Brown and
Levinson’s notion of face.

【答案】

Face, according
to Brown and Levinson, has two aspects, a positive one, by which a person’s status as an autonomous, independent, free agent is affirmed; and a
negative one, which stresses a person’s immunity from outside interference and
undue external pressure. Analogously, we could define positive freedom as the
freedom to express oneself, to vote, to travel, to choose one’s own company;
negative freedom would mean being free from oppression, from threats to one’s
safety, from political persecution, police harassment, importuning sales
people, and so forth.

Acting
cooperatively, people try to build up their interlocutors’ positive faces,
while trying to avoid posing threats to their ‘negative faces’. John’s
compliment will obviously make his friend happy; this therefore will not become
threat to his friend’s face.

10 What are the differences between simile
and metaphor?

【答案】

Simile is a way
of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by
showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in
a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as
cold as ice is a common simile.

Although
metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, this comparison
is implied rather than stated. That is, it differs from simile in that the
words such as like or as do not appear. For example, “The life is
a stage” is a metaphor.

V. For the following words, state the conditions
under which the different forms of the past tense appear. What determines
whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used? What distinctive features define
conditioning environment? (15 points)

【答案】/t/ appears after these sounds: /F, p, k, s, tF/, /id/ is found after /t, d/, and /d/ occurs after /g,
l, b, v, T, n, au, m, N, ei/. The
general factor to determine whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used is the distinctive feature of voicing. Therefore, /t/ occurs after a voiceless sound, except /t/; /d/ occurs after a voiced sound, except /d/; and /id/ occurs after either the consonant /t/ or /d/.

VI. Use IC analysis to reveal the structural
ambiguity of the following sentences. (15 points)

(1) The mother
of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.

(2) The son of
Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.

(3) Frank
spotted the old woman’s fried with a telescope.

【答案】

(1) a. (The mother of (the boy and the
girl) )

b. (The mother
of the boy) and (the girl)

(2) a. (The son of (Pharaoh’s daughter)) is
((the daughter of Pharaoh)’s son).

b. ((The son of
Pharaoh)’s daughter) is ((the daughter) of (Pharaoh’s son))

(3) a. Frank ((spotted the old woman’s
friend) with a telescope).

b. Frank
(spotted (the old woman’s friend with a telescope)).

VII. How do you understand the role of linguistic
research in social and economic development? (15 points)

【答案】

To see the role
linguistics plays in social and economic development, we could specifically
consider the integration of linguistic research with other fields of social
life, such as computational linguistics, psycholinguistics, applied
linguistics, anthropological linguistics.

As to the
applied linguistics, it is undeniable that linguistic research has greatly
influenced the language teaching and learning. For example, various linguistic
schools have shed insight into the methodology of language teaching, especially
foreign language teaching. Those different models of language teaching are all
aimed at a more successful and effective language teaching.

As is known, for
a human being in the society, communication is very important. In the social
communication, linguistic research also made some important interpretations and
explanations. Such as Grice’s Cooperative Principle, Brown& Levinson’s face
and politeness theory, etc, those theories have good inspirations as to how to
create a successful communication, and how to avoid and deal with
miscommunication

In a word, although
without linguistic research society and economics could still develop in their
own way, yet linguistics with its effort to explain what is the nature of the
activities concerning language, and how these activities works, has undoubtedly
made it easier for the social and economic development.

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