南开大学专业外语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 南开大学外国语学院专业英语历年考研真题AI讲解

2. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题AI讲解

3. 全国名校英美文学考研真题AI讲解

4. 全国名校英语翻译与写作考研真题汇总

考研指导书

1. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题AI讲解

2. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】AI讲解

3. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题AI讲解

4. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】AI讲解

5. 2026年英语专业考研汉英翻译高分特训100篇AI讲解

6. 2026年英语专业考研英汉翻译高分特训100篇AI讲解

南开大学外国语学院专业英语历年考研真题AI讲解

书籍目录

部分内容

2000年南开大学外国语学院专业英语考研真题及详解

(Write all your answer

bellow the questions. Do not use separated sheets except the last two questions

in Part II)

Part I. Linguistics

(50%)

I. Define each of the following

terms, giving an example where appropriate (10%)

1 Displacement

【答案】Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize

objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of

communication.

2 Free variation

【答案】Simply speaking, it refers to the different pronunciations of the

same word. If two sounds occurring in the same environment, the substitution of

one for the other does not produce a different word form, but just a different

pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.

3 Sense

【答案】Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic

element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals

with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

4 Morphophonology

【答案】Morphophonology is a branch of linguistics referring to the analysis

and classification of the phonological factors that affect the appearance of

morphemes, and correspondingly, the grammatical factors that affect the

appearance of phonemes. It is also called morphonology or morphonemics.

5 Diachronic linguistics

【答案】It refer to the study of a language through the course of its

history. Historical linguistics was a pervasive interest of the Darwinist in

the 19^th century; in the course of their historical researcher into

the development of the Indo-European tongues.

6 Dissimilation

【答案】Dissimilation refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment

upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or

different.

7 Restricted code

【答案】A style of language use associated with informal situations,

characterized by linguistic predictability and by its dependence on the

external context and on the shared knowledge and experience of the participants

for conveying meaning.

8 Illocutionary act

【答案】It refers to the action of making clear the purpose of speaking by

producing utterances. That is, to say something is to do something. For

example, when we make utterance “hello”, we perform the action of greeting.

9 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

【答案】There are two versions of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong

version and a weak version. The strong version claims the original hypothesis

suggests, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our

thinking patterns. The weak version claims that there is a correlation between language,

culture and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our

ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.

10 Proxemics

【答案】It refers to the study of spatial distances between individuals in

different cultures and situations. It was coined by researcher Edward Hall

during the 1950’s and 1960’s and has to do with the study of our use of space

and how various differences in that use can make us feel more relaxed or

anxious.

II. Define each of the

following symbols. If the feature is present, mark a+ and if not, mark a- (5%)

【答案】

III. Describe eschew of

the following speech sound symbols in terms of articulatory features. (5%)

1 /Ϸ/

【答案】[stop; bilabial; voiceless]

2 /r/

【答案】[approximant; alveolar; voiced]

3 /m/

【答案】[nasal; bilabial; voiced]

4 /t/

【答案】[stop; alveolar; voiceless]

5 /θ/

【答案】[fricative; dental; voiceless]

6 /š/

【答案】[fricative; alveolar; voiceless]

7 /ð/

【答案】[fricative; dental; voiceless]

8 /z/

【答案】[fricative; alveolar; voiced]

9 /č/

【答案】[palatal stop with a rising tone]

10 /h/

【答案】[fricative; glottal; voiceless]

IV. Classify the

following pairs as binary antonyms (B), gradable antonyms (G) or converse

antonyms (C) (5%)

1 B　 G　 C→true/false

【答案】B

2 B　 G　 C→open/closed

【答案】G

3 B   G 　C→addresser/addressee

【答案】C

4 B　 G　 C→innocent/guilty

【答案】G

5 B　 G　 C→instructor/student

【答案】C

6 B　 O　 C→in front of/behind

【答案】B

7 B　 G　 C→take/give

【答案】B

8 B　 G　 C→heavy/light

【答案】G

9 B　 G　 C→fast/slow

【答案】G

10 B   G   C→dynamic/static

【答案】B

V. One kind of

substitution is the movement of an NP to an empty NP position, which is known

as NP movement. Can you show by tree diagrams how the movement rule is realized

in the sentence “John seems to be happy”? (5%)

【答案】

VI. Noam Chomsky’s COMPETENCE refers to the

grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the

actual use of language in concrete situations. This concept of linguistic

competence has been criticized for being too narrow and representing “Garden of

Eden View”. To expand the concept of competence, D.H. Hymes proposed

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. State the basic contents discussed in communicative

competence, and explain to the best of your knowledge, why we generally believe

that COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE is more adequate than the concept of competence proposed

by N Chomsky. (10%)

【答案】

The term was

coined by Hymes in 1966, reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Chomsky’s

distinction between competence and performance. To address Chomsky’s abstract

notion of competence, Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative

competence that included “communicative form and function in integral relation

to each other.” communicative competence is that aspect of our competence which

enables us to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings

interpersonally within specific contexts. To learn a second language, learners

should not only be able to produce the target language correctly, but also be

able to use it appropriately. Second language competence can be perceived along

two dimensions: accuracy and appropriateness. A language speaker has to have

more than grammatical competence in order to be able to communicate

effectively.

Communicative

competence contains five components, namely linguistic competence, pragmatic

competence, discourse competence, strategic competence and fluency. Linguistic

competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and

meaning. Pragmatic competence refers to the appropriate use of the language in

social context. That is to say, the choice of the vocabulary and structure

depends on the setting, the relative status of the speakers, and their

relationships. Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent

written text or conversation and the ability to understand them. Strategic

competence is similar to communication strategies. It refers to strategies one

employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources. Fluency

means one’s ability to link units of speech together with facility and without

strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation.

Part II. Literature (50%)

VII. Give brief

explanations to the following:

1 Antagonist

【答案】An antagonist is a character, group of characters, institution or

concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the

protagonist(s) must contend. In other words, an antagonist is a person or a

group of people who opposes a protagonist

2 Black humor

【答案】Black humor is a type of modern humor that is caused by anger. It

often describes gruesome events, which are normally associated with pleasant

occasions, thus producing the congruous effect for humor. Black humor attacks

on social mores through shocking language and offensive imagery.

3 Flashback

【答案】Flashbacks are interruptions that writers do to insert past events

in order to provide background or context to the current events of a narrative.

By using flashbacks, writers allow their readers to gain insight into a

character’s motivation and provide a background to a current conflict. Dream

sequences and memories are methods used to present flashbacks.

4 Rhyme

【答案】The word rhythm is derived from rhythmos which means “measured

motion”. Rhythm is a literary device which demonstrates the long and short

patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables particularly in verse form.

5 T.S. Eliot

【答案】Thomas Stearns Eliot was a British essayist, publisher, playwright,

literary and social critic, and “one of the twentieth century’s major poets”.

He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25,

settling, working, and marrying there. He eventually became a British subject

in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship.

6 Toni Morrison

【答案】Toni Morrison is an American novelist, editor, teacher, and

Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize and

the American Book Award in 1988 for Beloved. The novel was adapted into a film

of the same name (starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover) in 1998. Morrison

was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

7 John Milton

【答案】John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and

civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote

at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his

epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse.

8 The Robin Hood ballads

【答案】Robin Hood is a heroic outlaw in English folklore who, according to legend,

was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. Traditionally depicted as being

dressed in Lincoln green, he is often portrayed as robbing from the rich and

giving to the poor alongside his band of Merry Men. Robin Hood became a popular

folk figure in the late-medieval period, and continues to be widely represented

in literature, films and television.

9 Sons and Lovers

【答案】Sons and Lovers is a 1913 novel by the

English writer D. H. Lawrence, originally published by B.W. Huebsch Publishers.

The Modern Library placed it ninth on their list of the 100 best novels of the

20th century. While the novel initially received a lukewarm critical reception,

along with allegations of obscenity, it is today regarded as a masterpiece by

many critics and is often regarded as Lawrence’s finest achievement.

10 Tender Is the Night

【答案】Tender Is the Night is the fourth and

final completed novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was first

published in Scribner’s Magazine between January and April 1934 in four issues.

The title is taken from the poem “Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats.

VIII. Read the flowing passages

and answer the questions in your own words. (15%)

A. They

1 What is the theme of this poem? What

kind of feeling does the author convey?

【答案】“They” satirically contrasts the moral improvement promised to

British by a Bishop with the physical damage and moral degradation they

actually experience. The bishop represents the church and government, as they

know nothing about the facts of what happens to the boys yet promise all under

the sun. This is religious imagery in the poem. The first stanza means that a

religious leader, the Bishop, has warned that when the soldiers come back from

the war, they will be changed. They will have faced death. The enemy is perceived

as “the Anti-Christ”. This is a satiric comment indicating that the soldiers or

their leaders have depicted the enemy as evil to justify the war. The poet

seems to imply that in order to justify war, we have to vilify the enemy, turn

the enemy into “the Anti-Christ”.

2 How do you understand the last line?

【答案】The last line is a common statement used by religious leaders to

explain things that cannot be explained and in this poem, is an indictment

against war.

B. From “The Solitary Reaper”

3 Analyze the basic rhyme scheme and meter

of these stanzas.

【答案】The rhyme scheme is ababccdd except lines 1&3 in stanzas 1and 4.

The meter of these stanzas is iambic tetrameter.

4 What rhetorical device does the author

use? Why does he use it?

【答案】Firstly, “Behold her”. “Stop here”. “O listen!” appear in the first

stanza. They are both colloquial words used as vocative. These short sentences

can not only express the excitement of the poet seeing the girl reaping, but

also can better capture the readers’ attention and inspire their interest in

the poem. Secondly, synesthesia is seen in the poem, such as the sentence—“Oh

listen! For the vale profound, is overflowing with the sound.” In this

sentence, as if the song is water which the vale can overflowing in, by

exploiting synesthesia, the abstract sound turns into the specific water. There

is no wonder the beautiful song has a magic power to both the travelers and the

readers. Thirdly, by contrasting the nightingale and the cuckoo’s singing with

the girl’s singing, the poet highly appraises the girl’s singing. The

nightingale sings well, while the girl sings best. This rhetorical device can

give more thought space to the readers to feel the sweet song. Fourthly,

repetition turns up in the poem. “singing”, “sang”, “sings”, “song” are derived

from the word “sing”. This kind of repetition enriches the form of the

sentence, even the whole poem and sings highly of the girl’s song. Fifthly, the

rhetorical question “Will no one tell me what she sings?” was answered by the

poet himself. It can strengthen the tune of the sentence, actually, show strong

feelings of the poet. Lastly, “And, as I mounted up the hill” utilizes two

figures of speech: metaphor and symbol. “the hill” means a person’s life

journey. On one hand, it states that the love to the nature and art make great

differences to his life, on the other hand, it points out the theme of praise

for the farmers and nature.

【解析】结合诗歌内容可以发现，该诗歌运用了呼语，通感，对比，重复和象征等修辞手段，并通过这些修辞达到表达感情和诗歌主题的目的。

C. From “Of Great Place”

Men in great

place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of

business. So as they have no freedom: neither in their persons nor in their

actions, nor in their times. It is a strange desire, to seek power and to lose

liberty: or to seek power over others and to lose power over a man’s self. The rising

unto place it laborious: and by men come to greater pains; and it is sometimes

base; and by indignities men come to dignities. The standing is slippery; and

the regress a either a downfall or at least an eclipse, which is a melancholy

thing… (Francis Bacon)

5 What does the word ‘”place” mean? What

is the author saying in his passage?

【答案】“Place” means social status or job. Men in great place are thrice

servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of business. The main

idea of the essay is to show the readers the position of men in great places.

Francis Bacon discusses the life, duties and behavior of those people who

occupy high position in the society. He writes that all the people who live in

great places are “thrice servants”. They are servants of the sovereign or

state, fame and business. Moreover, they have no freedom although they enjoy

power. It is a very interesting idea that powerful people have no liberty. But

it’s true. They have power over other people who occupy a lower position in the

society but they “lose power” over themselves.

6 What contrasts does the author point

out?

【答案】Some people are in great place but they did not have freedom. They

seek power over others and to lose power over a man’s self.

7 How do you understand “by indignities

men come to indignities”?

【答案】Some people want to get a decent job or great place and they use

some shameful ways to achieve their desire for good place.

D. Oread

8 What kind of poem is this? Please give

me one more example of the kind.

【答案】Imagist poem. In a station of the Metro is also an example of

this kind of poem.

9 What does the title mean?

【答案】The title is a name of the goddess of the mountain in Greek

mythology. The poem takes its title from the name of a nymph in classical

mythology. Specifically, an ‘Oread’ was a nymph of the mountains; more

specifically still, an Oread was a nymph of mountainous conifers.

【解析】首先说明诗歌标题的来源，然后解释其意义。

10 What does the author compare the sea

to? What is the significant of this comparison?

【答案】In the poem, the poet compares the sea to conifer. The conifers and

the sea melt into each other: the speaker asks the sea’s ‘pointed pines’ to

whirl up over the rocks, just as those ‘pools of fir’ belong to the sea, rather

than to the conifers already on land. The union between water and land that the

speaker desires has, in her mind and in her images, already happened. It

achieves a kind of beauty from union and harmony in nature.

【解析】首先点明诗中的比喻，然后解释诗人这样作比较的原因。

X. Write an essay on one

of the following topics so as to demonstrate your understanding as we’ll as

your English proficiency. You are expected to write a well-organized essay in

no more less than 300 words. (15%)

1 Eugene O’Neil, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller are regarded

as important American playwrights since the 1920s. Comment on their works and

their contributions.

【答案】O’Neill was an American playwright best known for explorations into

the darker aspects of the human condition. Frequently, his plays show people on

the outer edges of society or begin in a situation of ennui and despair and

move dramatically downwards to a grim finish. His masterpiece is “Long Day’s

Journey into Night”. Neill’s great purpose was to try and discover the root of

human desires and frustrations. He showed most of the characters in his plays

as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives, some through love, some through

religion, others through revenge, but all met disappointment. He regarded drama

as serious literature. His plays were highly experimental in form and style,

combining literary theories of symbolism, naturalism and expressionism. He had

a great influence on later American playwrights, and on those of other countries.

Next to Shakespeare and Shaw, O’Neill’s plays are the most widely translated

and produced in the world.

Tennessee

Williams is one of the most prominent playwrights in America after world war

two. His masterpiece is “A streetcar Named Desire”.

Arthur Miller

was born in a Jewish family in 1915 in New York City, the son of a clothing

manufacturer who was ruined during the economic depression of the 1930s. He

held odd jobs after high school to pay his way at the University of Michigan,

where he began to write plays. His famous work is “Death of a Salesman”. It was

a play viewed by many as a scathing attack on the American Dream of achieving

wealth and success without regard for principle or morals. It traced the life

of a common American and narrated a loser’s poignant story. Willy’s tragedy

lies in his excessive fanatic in American Dream which eroded his soul and

distorted his personality. The process of his failure was the period in which

American Dream disillusioned.

2 Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte seem to have much appeal for

students of literature. Comment on their representative novels and analyze

their appeal.

【答案】Jane Eyre is a novel written by

Charlotte Bronte. It was a milestone works in English literature. This is a

story about special girl and unreserved woman named Jane who possesses an

indomitable and tough spirit continuously battle against the harsh and cruel

life. She has sharp wit and great courage, and her huge charm of personality

makes us admire deeply. From this book, we can easily find that Jane was such a

brave and special woman that possesses an independence personality and thinking

brain. Jane is independent not only in economic but also in spiritual. She has

her own thoughts. She is poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul. She

tells us how to deal with the misfortune in our life.

Wuthering

Heights, written by Emily Bronte, is known as “19th

century’s most peculiar novel” and “a soul of drama”. It releases unique,

shining and splendid glory in the brilliant literary constellation of the 19th

century. This novel is famous for the gothic styles as well as its theme. It

tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love

between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion

eventually destroys them and people around them. Emily suffered from the

poverty of physical world and helplessness of spiritual world. Loneliness made

her the physical and emotional world full of a sense of extreme disappointment

and shattered. Therefore, Emily desired to express her feeling through the love

tragedy of rich and intense fantasy features, and expressed her strong

dissatisfaction with social reality. The class difference is the direct cause

which leads to their love tragedy. This is also the first novel that employs

flashback. The novel breaks the traditional way of narration, but to create two

characters Mr. Lockwood and Nelly Dean to tell the story. The success of Wuthering

Heights is, in part, owing to the use of flashback.

XI. Read the following

short story, and write an analysis in no lets than 230 words. You may want to discuss

the telling, plot, characters, theme, language, writing technique, etc. Your

original ideas will be appreciated. (10%)

A

Very Short Story

Ernest

Hemingway

One hot evening

in Padua they carried him up onto the roof and he could look out over the top

of the town. There were chimney swifts in the sky. After a while it got dark

and the searchlights came out. The others went down and took the bottles with

them. He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony. Luz sat on the bed. She

was cool and fresh in the hot night.

Luz stayed on

night duty for three months. They were glad to let her. When they operated on

him she prepared him for the operating table; and they had a joke about friend

or enema. He went under the anaesthetic holding tight on to himself so he would

not blab about anything during the silly, talky time. After he got on crutches

he used to take the temperatures so Luz would not have to get up from the bed.

There were only a few patients, and they all knew about it. They all liked Luz.

As he walked back along the halls he thought of Luz in his bed.

Before he went

back to the front they went into the Duomo and prayed. It was dim and quiet,

and there were other people praying. They wanted to get married, but there was

not enough time for the banns, and neither of them had birth certificates. They

felt as though they were married, but they wanted everyone to know about it,

and to make it so they could not lose it.

Luz wrote him

many letters that he never got until after the armistice. Fifteen came in a

bunch to the front and he sorted them by the dates and read them all straight

through. They were all about the hospital, and how much she loved him and how

it was impossible to get along without him and how terrible it was missing him

at night.

After the

armistice they agreed he should go home to get a job so they might be married.

Luz would not come home until he had a good job and could come to New York to

meet her. It was understood he would not drink, and he did not want to see his

friends or anyone in the States. Only to get a job and be married. On the train

from Padua to Milan they quarreled about her not being willing to come home at

once. When they had to say good-bye, in the station at Milan, they kissed

good-bye, but were not finished with the quarrel. He felt sick about saying

good-bye like that.

He went to

America on a boat from Genoa. Luz went back to Pordonone to open a hospital. It

was lonely and rainy there, and there was a battalion of arditi

quartered in the town. Living in the muddy, rainy town in the winter, the major

of the battalion made love to Luz, and she had never known Italians before, and

finally wrote to the States that theirs had only been a boy and girl affair.

She was sorry, and she knew he would probably not be able to understand, but

might someday forgive her, and be grateful to her, and she expected, absolutely

unexpectedly, to be married in the spring. She loved him as always, but she

realized now it was only a boy and girl love. She hoped he would have a great

career, and believed in him absolutely. She knew it was for the best.

The major did

not marry her in the spring, or any other time. Luz never got an answer to the

letter to Chicago about it. A short time after he contracted gonorrhea from a

sales girl in a loop department store while riding in a taxicab through Lincoln

Park.

Notes:

1 Padua: a city in Venetia, Northeast

Italy

2 gonorhea: 淋病

【答案】

(1) In terms of the content, the narrator recollects his romance

with an Italian nurse while he was wounded and in the hospital. This story is

probably about Nick because the main character is from Chicago. Regardless, the

tale reveals how the war let young men change and develop sexually,

emotionally, and intellectually. Of course, development might not be for the

better. If this character is Nick, then he has had a love before, in Marjorie.

Yet, Luz calls his love childish. Further, when he gets back home, he has even

less intimate relationships with women.

(2) In terms of themes, this man’s relationship with Luz also serves

to reveal the youth of the American nation. America was just coming into power

on a global scale. The First World War went a long way to proving its viability

as a major player in world affairs. But, America remains much younger and less

mature than the European nations. Therefore, when the Italian general proves to

be more of a man than the American soldier, Hemingway is indicating that America

remains a young and immature nation.

(3) In terms of language and writing techniques, Ernest Hemingway

uses a range of techniques within language and linguistics to distinguish

distinct roles of gender in this story. The characters conform to early twentieth

century archetypal positions of masculine and feminine stereotypes. The author

provides insightful issues towards women for both the original generation the

story was intended and the modern reader. Hemingway uses the tools of language

for a more progressive stance on the sexes than the content of the narrative

itself.

【解析】分别从故事情节，小说主题，语言和写作技巧四个角度进行评析总结即可。

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