华中师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 华中师范大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题

考研指导书

1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材

2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研题库

华中师范大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解

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2011年华中师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

Part I. Grammar and
Vocabulary (30’)

Multiple Choice

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words
or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the
sentence.

1 He never hesitates
to make _____ criticisms _____ are considered helpful to others.

A. so … that

B. so … as

C. such … that

D. such … as

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他从不会犹豫做出被认为是对别人有帮助的评论。such…as…结构为固定搭配，as为关系代词，指代前文提到的criticisms，在后面的定语从句中做主语。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2 The policy_____
made, the next problem was how to carry it out.

A. having been

B. being

C. had been

D. was

【答案】A

【解析】句意：政策被制定后，下一个问题是如何实施。该句包含独立主格结构，该结构中动词应使用-ing形式。根据句意可知，独立主格结构中的动作先于主句动作完成，因此使用完成时。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

3 During the construction of skyscrapers,
cranes are used to _____ building materials to the upper floors.

A. toss

B. tow

C. hoist

D. hurl

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在建造摩天大楼的过程中，起重机是用来将建筑材料吊至上面的楼层上的。hoist吊起。toss投掷。tow牵引。hurl猛投。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

4 The goal is to make higher education
available to everyone who is willing and capable _____ his financial situation.

A. with respect to

B. in accordance with

C. regardless of

D. in terms of

【答案】C

【解析】句意：目标是让每个有意愿和能力的人参与高等教育的学习，而不需要考虑他的经济状况。regardless of不管……。with respect
to关于。in accordance with依照。in terms of在……方面。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

5 The _____ crown
jewels are kept in the Tower of London.

A. valued

B. valueless

C. invaluable

D. worthy

【答案】C

【解析】句意：那些无价的皇冠珠宝保存在伦敦塔里。invaluable无价的。valued重要的。valueless不值钱的。worthy值得的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

6 It’s a shame _____
able to give them any advice.

A. not to have been

B. to have not been

C. to have been not

D. to not have been

【答案】A

【解析】句意：没能给他们建议，真是令人羞愧。该句使用了虚拟语气，动词不定式的否定须在不定式前加not。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

7 His argument does
not _____ up to close scrutiny.

A. hold

B. stand

C. come

D. look

【答案】B

【解析】句意：他的观点经不起推敲。stand up to close scrutiny意为“经得起仔细检查”，为固定搭配。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

8 The Space Age _____ in October 1957 when the
first man-made satellite was launched by the former Soviet Union.

A. initiated

B. originated

C. embarked

D. commenced

【答案】D

【解析】句意：1957年10月，前苏联发射的第一颗人造卫星开启了航天时代。commence开始。initiate开始，为及物动词。originate发源。embark着手做。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

9 The vast majority of people in any given
culture will _____ to established standards of that culture.

A. confine

B. conform

C. confront

D. confirm

【答案】B

【解析】句意：某一特定文化中的大多数人都会和该文化约定俗成的行为标准保持一致。conform使一致。confine限制。confront面对。confirm确认。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

10 I regret _____ you that I can’t go to
Hangzhou for a visit next Sunday with you, because I’ve caught a bad cold.

A. to tell

B. telling

C. to have told

D. having told

【答案】A

【解析】句意：我很遗憾地告诉你，我下周末没办法跟你一起去杭州游玩了，因为我得了重感冒。regret后接不定式时表示“遗憾要做某事情”。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

11 In the past ten
years skyscrapers have developed _____ in Chicago and New York City.

A. homogeneously

B. simultaneously

C. spontaneously

D. harmoniously

【答案】B

【解析】句意：在过去的十年里，摩天大楼在芝加哥和纽约都发展了起来。simultaneously同时地。homogeneously同样地。spontaneously自发地。harmoniously和谐地。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

12 Although we are
still safe now, the _____ danger is approaching.

A.
potent

B.
patent

C.
latent

D.
lenient

【答案】C

【解析】句意：虽然我们现在还安全，但是潜在的危险正逐渐接近。latent潜在的。potent有效的。patent专利的。lenient宽大的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

13 When the explorer
got closer to the snake, it showed its tongue to him to ______.

A.
scare

B.
jeopardize

C.
manipulate

D.
intimidate

【答案】A

【解析】句意：当探险家接近那条蛇的时候，蛇伸出舌头恐吓他。scare恐吓。jeopardize危害。manipulate操纵。intimidate恐吓，特指恐吓某人迫使其做某事。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

14 In vain ______ to
get in touch with the Embassy.

A. they tried

B. tried they

C. did they try

D. they have tried

【答案】C

【解析】句意：他们试图和大使馆取得联系，但却是徒劳。in vain置于句首时，句子应部分倒装，即把助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

15 By the time you
receive this letter, I _____ for America.

A. will leave

B. have left

C. would have left

D. will have left

【答案】D

【解析】句意：当你收到这封信的时候，我就已经出发去美国了。根据句意可知，主句表示的是“将来某一时间点之前完成的事”，应该使用将来完成时。根据从句时态可判断情态动词用一般现在时。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

16 On a sudden _____;
Jean bought that expensive fur coat.

A. motivation

B. incentive

C. impetus

D. impulse

【答案】D

【解析】句意：由于一时冲动，Jean买了那件昂贵的毛皮外套。impulse冲动。motivation动机。incentive刺激。impetus动力。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

17 Since I could not see anything through the
microscope, _____ my careful adjustment, I gave up.

A. for all

B. above all

C. after all

D. in all

【答案】A

【解析】句意：尽管仔细地调整了显微镜，我还是无法通过它看到任何东西，所以我放弃了。for all尽管。above all首先。after all毕竟。in all总共。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

18 Stop shouting! I
can’t hear the football _____.

A. judgment

B. commentary

C. interpretation

D. explanation

【答案】B

【解析】句意：别喊了！我听不到足球实况报道了。commentary解说，实况报道。judgment判断。interpretation翻译。explanation解释。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

19 An energy tax would
curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget _____.

A. discrepancy

B. disposition

C. defect

D. deficit

【答案】D

【解析】句意：能源税可以控制普通的空气污染，限制石油进口，削减预算赤字。deficit赤字，不足额。discrepancy矛盾。disposition处置。defect缺陷。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20 This book is about
how these basic beliefs and values affect important _____ of American life.

A. facets

B. formats

C. formulas

D. fashions

【答案】A

【解析】句意：这本书是有关这些基本信念和价值观是如何影响美国生活的重要层面的。facet方面。format格式。formula公式。fashion时尚。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

Part II. Reading
Comprehension (40’)

Section 1 Multiple
Choice (30’)

Directions: In this section there are three passages
followed by fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then
choose the one answer that you think is the correct to each question.

Text
1

Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get
seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and
some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo
reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are
still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a
result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from sleeping soundly.

Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents
are famously short of sleep. It is not unusual for them to work 40 hours in a
row without rest. They are not in the least worried about it, confident they
can still deliver the highest quality of medical care. But an article in the
Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning
after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor performance is comparable to
that of someone who is drunk. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating
under the influence of alcohol is grounds for sacking often don’t think twice
about operating without enough sleep.

“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal,
president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website for
residents. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36
hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly planted my
face into the wound.”

“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen
asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three
who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey gate’ on the New Jersey
Expressway, going 105km/h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a
third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours
of sleep.”

Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient
and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November
by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on
New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour
work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles
Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that
something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their
conscience, not by the government.”

The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers.
But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If
you’re worded about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel
free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more rested staffers
are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of
infallibility and get the rest they need.

1 We can learn from
the first paragraph that _____.

A. people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone
to illness

B. poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder

C. stroke is often associated with sleep

D. too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep

2 Speaking of the
sleep problems doctors’ face, the author implies that _____.

A. doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic

B. doctors’ sleep is deprived by residents

C. doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems

D. sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated

3 Paragraph 3 and 4
are written to _____.

A. entertain the audience with some anecdotes

B. discuss the cause of doctors’ sleep problems

C. show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients

D. exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of
sleep

4 By “doctors should be bound by their
conscience, not by the government” (paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means
that _____.

A. doctors should not abide by government’s regulations

B. the government is interfering too much

C. the regulations about workweek and work shift are too
specific

D. law cannot force a doctor to sleep while his conscience
can

5 To which of the
following is the author likely to agree?

A. Patients should control the hours of their doctors.

B. Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than
that of doctors’.

C. Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not
adequately-rested.

D. People concerned have the right to remove their doctors
from their positions.

【答案与解析】

1 B  文章第一段结尾提到一项研究结果表明“people
who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly
three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a result of an underlying
disorder that keeps them from sleeping soundly.”。由此可知，人们睡得不香有可能是由潜在的身体不适引起的，即预示着身体不适。故选B。

2 C  文章第二段提到医生经常睡眠短缺，但是“They
are not in the least worried about it, confident they can still deliver the
highest quality of medical care.”。由此可知，医生们经常不担心睡眠短缺的问题，即忽视了自身的睡眠问题。故选C。

3 D  文章第三、第四段列举了一些由于医生睡眠短缺而出问题的例子：在手术台上睡着、开车超速、撞车等。由此可知，医生睡眠短缺也会带来严重的问题，这些例子即证明了这一点。故选D。

4 B  文章第五段提到Agrawal的组织支持的《2001年病人与医生安全保护规定》中包括每周80小时的工作时间与24小时的轮班限制。但大多数医生反对这种“干涉”。由此可推断，医生们不愿意让政府干涉过多。故选B。

5 C  文章第二段提到“in the morning
after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor performance is comparable to
that of someone who is drunk.”，而外科医生相信在酒精影响下做手术会使他们被解雇。第三段提到了医生在手术台上站着睡着、差点一头扎进病人伤口的例子。最后一段提到“Doctors, for their part, have to give up their
pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.”。由此可推断，若医生睡眠不足，病人也会遭受严重风险。故选C。

Text
2

Charlie Bell became chief executive of McDonald’s in April.
Within a month doctors told him that he had colorectal cancer. After stock
market hours on November 22nd, the fast-food firm said he had resigned; it
would need a third boss in under a year. Yet when the market opened, its share
price barely dipped then edged higher. After all, McDonald’s had, again, shown
how to act swiftly and decisively in appointing a new boss.

Mr. Bell himself got the top job when Jim Cantalupo died of
a heart attack hours before he was due to address a convention of McDonald’s franchisees.
Mr. Cantalupo was a McDonald’s veteran brought out of retirement in January
2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty
restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food. He
devised a recovery plan, backed by massive marketing, and promoted Mr. Bell to
chief operating officer. When Mr. Cantalupo died, a rapidly convened board
confirmed Mr. Bell, a 44-year-old Australian already widely seen as his heir
apparent, in the top job. The convention got its promised chief executive’s
address, from the firm’s first non-American leader.

Yet within weeks executives had to think about what to do
if Mr. Bell became too ill to continue. Perhaps Mr. Bell had the same thing on
his mind: he usually introduced Jim Skinner, the 60-year-old vice-chairman, to
visitors as the “steady hand at the wheel”. Now Mr. Skinner, an expert on the
firm’s overseas operations, becomes chief executive, and Mike Roberts, head of
its American operations, joins the board as chief operating officer.

Is Mr. Roberts now the new heir apparent? Maybe McDonald’s
has brought in supposedly healthier choices such as salads and toasted
sandwiches worldwide and, instead of relying for most of its growth on opening
new restaurants, has turned to upgrading its 31,000 existing ones. America has
done best at this; under Mr. Roberts, like-for-like sales there were up by 7.5%
in October on a year earlier.

The new team’s task is to keep the revitalization plan on
course, especially overseas, where some American brands are said to face
political hostility from consumers. This is a big challenge. Is an in-house succession
the best way to tackle it? Mr. Skinner and Mr. Roberts are both company
veterans, having joined in the 1970s. Some recent academic studies find that
the planned succession of a new boss from within, such as Mr. Bell and now
(arguably) Mr. Roberts, produces better results than looking hastily, or
outside, for one. McDonald’s smooth handling of its serial misfortunes at the
top certainly seems to prove the point. Even so, everyone at McDonald’s must be
hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such
emergency.

6 The main reason for
the constant change at the top of McDonald is _____.

A. the board’s interference

B. the falling sales

C. the health problems of the chief executives

D. the constant change of its share price

7 Which of the
following was NOT a cause of the falling sales of McDonald?

A. The change of the chief executive

B. People’s concern about junk food

C. Dirty restaurant

D. Indifferent service

8 The phrase “heir
apparent” (Paragraph 2) in the article most probably means _____.

A. someone who has the same ideas, aims and style with a
person

B. someone who has the unalienable right to receive the
family title

C. someone who is appointed as a heir of a person

D. someone who is likely to take over a person’s position
when that person leaves

9 In terms of
succession at the top, McDonald’s

A. has had to made rather hasty decisions

B. prefers to appoint a new boss from within

C. acts in a quick and unreasonable way

D. surprises all the people with its decisions

10 Toward McDonald’s reaction to emergencies at
the top, the writer’s attitude can be said to be _____.

A. indifferent

B. doubtful

C. objective

D. praiseful

【答案与解析】

6 C  文章第一段提到Charlie Bell在当上麦当劳首席执行官后的一个月内便被查出患有直肠癌，选择了退休；第二段提到他上任的原因是前任老将Jim Cantalupo因心脏病突发而去世。由此可知，麦当劳频繁换高层人员的原因是因为首席执行官们的身体健康问题。故选C。

7 A  根据题干关键词“falling sales”定位至文章第二段。该段提到Cantalupo先生在麦当劳营业额下降后，帮助了麦当劳的改型。而使营业额下降的原因有“dirty restaurants, indifferent service and
growing concern about junk food”，不包括“首席执行官的更换”。故选A。

8 D  文章第二段提到“When Mr.
Cantalupo died, a rapidly convened board confirmed Mr. Bell, a 44-year-old Australian
already widely seen as his heir apparent, in the top job.”。Cantalupo先生本是麦当劳的高层，当他去世之后，Bell先生很快便被任命为高层，而在这之前他已经被普遍认为是一个“heir apparent”。由此可推测，“heir
apparent”指的是继任者。故选D。

9 B  文中提到，在Cantalupo先生去世后，本是连锁经营加盟人的Charlie Bell成了新一任首席执行官；而在Bell被查出患有直肠癌不得不退休后，他推荐的是作为副主席的Jim Skinner和作为美国地区运营领导的Mike Roberts来继任新高管。由此可知，麦当劳偏向在内部选拔新老板。故选B。

10 C  纵观全文，本文介绍的都是关于麦当劳在面对高层的突发事件所做反应的客观事实，没有掺杂任何作者个人的观点。因此作者是在以一种客观的角度来介绍主题。故选C。

Text
3

The right to pursue
happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one
seems quite sure which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license
but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the
idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived”, the felicity of being “a fool among
knaves”. For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals.

It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools
and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way
to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.

And at the same time the forces of American commercialism
are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of
our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to
create them and to create them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them.
For that matter, our whole economy is based on a dedicated insatiability. We
are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. We are
even told it is our duty to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single
example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read “You
Auto Buy Now”. They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching
patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did
not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time
the next year’s models were released.

Or look at any of the women’s magazines. There, as Bernard
DeVoto once pointed out, advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and
ends as pharmacopoeia and therapy in the back pages. The poetry of the front
matter is the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers.
These, the flawless teeth. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. This, the
sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and
forever.

Obviously no half-sane person can be completely persuaded
either by such poetry or by such pharmacopoeia and orthopedics. Yet someone is
obviously trying to buy the dream as offered and spending billions every year
in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers
but what is it trying to buy.

The idea “happiness”, to be sure, will not sit still for
easy definition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea
and then work in toward the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and
competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme. To think of it as the
idea one senses in, say, a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme.
That holy man’s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself.
In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation,
free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him
food he eats it; if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned？
What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he
achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of
which is itself a joy within him.

11 In which paragraph
does the author offer some tips to pursue happiness？

A. The first paragraph.

B. The third paragraph.

C. The fifth paragraph.

D. The sixth paragraph.

12 What does the author imply by quoting
Jonathan Swift’s sentences about happiness “the possession of being
‘well-deceived’, the felicity of being ‘a fool among knaves’”?

A. It’s something difficult to get

B. It’s something everyone has the right to pursue

C. It’s something like a vain attempt.

D. It’s something only for foods to pursue

13 The Americans
prefer to _____ instead of considering it in terms of fools or knaves.

A. buy happiness with money

B. borrow happiness

C. sell happiness

D. lend happiness

14 American commercialism has guided Americans
to achieve their goals of happiness in a _____ way.

A. right

B. strange

C. wrong

D. decent

15 Which statement is
mentioned according to the text?

A. It is easy to define happiness.

B. It is not easy to define happiness.

C. People can offer a correct definition of happiness.

D. People cannot offer a correct definition of happiness.

【答案与解析】

11 D  文章第六段提到“the best
one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward
the middle.”。这是作者在第六段提供的追求幸福的方法。故选D。

12 C  文章第一段中作者首先提到“美国人生来就有追求幸福的权利，但没人知道幸福究竟在哪里”，后引用了Jonathan Swift的观点论证：他抨击幸福的想法是“鬼迷心窍的上当，如同‘骗子堆中的傻瓜’一样自鸣得意”。由此可知，作者引用Jonathan Swift的观点是为了证明“追求幸福像是一种无用的努力”。故选C。

13 A  文章第二段提到“It is, of
course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem
to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness.”。用“傻瓜”或“骗子”这样的字眼来考虑问题不是美国式做法，但是我们似乎沉溺于“用金钱购买幸福”的想法。故选A。

14 C  根据题干关键词“American
commercialism”定位至文章第三段。第一句提到“…the forces of American commercialism are hugely
dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy.”，后文以广告为例，说明了商业主义对人们的误导。故选C。

15 B  文章最后一段第一句提到“The
idea “happiness”, to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition…”。由此可知，幸福定义并不容易确定。故选B。

Section 2 (10’)

Read the following
passage, and then complete Questions 16—20.

The history of English
since 1700 is filled with many movements and countermovements, of which we can
notice only a couple. One of these is the vigorous attempt made in the
eighteenth century, and the rather half-hearted attempts made since, to
regulate and control the English language.
Many people of the eighteenth century, not understanding very well the forces
which govern language, proposed to polish and prune and restrict English, which
they felt was proliferating too wildly. There was much talk of an academy which
would rule on what people could and could not say and write. The academy never
came into being, but the 18th century did succeed in establishing certain
attitudes which, though they haven’t had much effect on the development of the
language itself, have certainly changed the native speaker’s feeling about the
language.

In part, a product of the wish to fix and establish the
language was the development of the dictionary. The first English dictionary
was published in 1603; it was a list of 2,500 words briefly defined. Another
product of the eighteenth century was the invention of “English grammar.” As
English came to replace Latin as the language of scholarship, it was felt that
one should also be able to control and dissect it, parse and analyze it, as one
could Latin. What happened in practice was that the grammatical description
that applied to Latin was removed and superimposed on English. This was silly,
because English is an entirely different kind of language, with its own forms
and signals and ways of producing meaning. Nevertheless, English grammars on
the Latin model were worked out and taught in the schools. In many schools they
are still being taught. This activity is not often popular with school
children, but it is sometimes an interesting and instructive exercise in logic.
The principal harm in it is that it has tended to keep people from being
interested in English and has obscured the real features of English structure.

16 What is the topic
of this passage?

17 What is the primary reason for many people
in the 18th century to try hard to “control” the English language?

18 It is suggested in
the first paragraph that no organization is authoritative enough to

19 What does the
author think of English grammars developed in the 18th century?

20 What problem(s) the
teaching of English grammar based on Latin model may bring about?

【答案与解析】

16 The topic is about the regulation and control made by people on
English in the eighteenth century.

（文章开头提到“18世纪对英语的规范与控制是一种用心的尝试”，后文说到了原因和针对这个问题的一些尝试方法，如建立研究会、编写词典、将拉丁语法套入英语中，等等。由此可知，本文主要围绕着18世纪人们对英语的规范和控制展开讨论。）

17 Because people at that time felt that English was proliferating
too wildly and needed control.

（文章第一段第三句提到，18世纪的人们由于不理解掌控语言的力量，认为语言的增殖太过野蛮，便提倡润色、删减、限制英语，这就是那时的人们想要控制语言的原因。）

18 rule on what people could and couldn’t say and write.

（文章第一段提到“There was much talk of an academy which would rule on what people
could and could not say and write.”。但这样一个研究会从来没有建立起来过。由此可知，没有组织有足够权力决定人们应该说什么、写什么。）

19 The author thinks that the development of English grammar was
silly.

（文章第二段提到了18世纪英语语法的发展方法：用分析拉丁语的语法方式来描述英语。然后作者提出了自己的观点：“This was silly…”，由此可知作者认为这种方式很愚蠢。）

20 This would make people lose the
interest in English learning and obscure the real features of English
structure.

（文章第二段的最后一句提到了这种模式的危害：让人们对英语失去兴趣，并模糊了英语结构的真正特点。）

Part III. Writing (30’)

Many people claim that an honest man should always tell the
truth; just as the old saying goes, “honesty is the best policy.” What do you
think? Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of the topic.

【参考范文】

White Lies Are the Best Policy Sometimes

“Honesty is the
best policy.” as an old saying goes. Many people believe that honesty is a
necessary virtue and an honest man should always tell the truth. However, in my
opinion, honesty is certainly a virtue we must have, but this doesn’t mean that
we must tell the truth all the time. Under some circumstances, “white lies” are
also acceptable and may produce unexpected effect. Honesty, sometimes, is not
the best policy, but white lies are.

White lies can give
people confidence. For example, one just begins to learn playing the piano and
his playing is bad. But some people encourage him by saying “it’s beautiful”
and the like, then he feels confident, and the confidence leads him to a piano
master in the end. Obviously, the people are telling lies, but for the player
it would be a great encouragement that make him practice more and harder. The
white lies do good for him. Will anyone blame these people for not being
honest?

White lies can
comfort people. “Everything will be OK.” This is what people often say to
comfort others. Of course, it’s impossible that everything will be
satisfactory, but people are not telling this to show the reality. People are
telling such words because they can bring people comfort, making them feel that
there is always someone there to care about them when they are sad. White lies
here play a role of comfort.

White lies can
even give people chances to survive. Here is a story happened in an earthquake.
Some worker were trapped under ruins. Only the leader had a watch and some
water, so he decided to distribute the water once every hour. But the leader
lied to workers—only
when several hours passed would he announced that one hour had passed and they
could have water. However, the leader’s lies helped them hold on for several
days with water only enough to support them for several hours. In this story,
though the leader told lies, his white lies brought the workers chances to
survive. No one would say he is dishonest.

All in all,
though white lies are lies too, sometimes they are acceptable. Because when
people tell white lies, they are violating the principle of honesty, but they
are obeying the principle of being good. Sometimes the truth is too cruel to be
told, so people tell white lies. White lies are beautiful, because when people
tell white lies, they are thinking about others’ feeling, respecting and caring
about them, which show that they are kind-hearted and considerate. So,
sometimes, white lies are the best policy, and they reflect people’s goodness.

【解析】本文围绕着“人们是否应该一直讲真话”展开讨论。文章开头，作者认为虽然诚实是美德，但人们不需要时时刻刻都在讲真话，有时候“善意的谎言”才是上策，会有意想不到的作用。文章分三点进行论述，首先作者说明善意的谎言可以鼓励人们，以弹钢琴为例论证了这一点；然后又说明善意的谎言可以安抚人们的心；最后作者讲了地震中的故事，说明善意的谎言甚至可以给人们生存下来的机会。最后一段，作者点明“善意的谎言”可以反映人们关心他人的美好品质，并再次强调主旨——有时候，善意的谎言才是上策。

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