考研真题
1. 华东师范大学外语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题
2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研真题与模拟题
考研指导书
1. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》专用教材
2. 2026年翻译硕士《211翻译硕士英语》考研题库
华东师范大学外语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解
书籍目录
2010年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2013年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2015年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
部分内容
2010年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
I. Multiple Choice (30 points, 1 point for each)
1 The American
approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is less
emphasis on learning facts than _____ true in the systems of any other
countries.
A. is
B. it is
C. it being
D. to be
【答案】A
【解析】这句话中than为关系代词，用在带比较级形容词的先行词之后，在定语从句中作主语。
2 Cinema-goers
hate _____ long queues before all cinemas.
A. there being
B. there to be
C. there is
D. there are
【答案】B
【解析】like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend,
expect, consider等动词后接there be句型时要用there to be的形式。
3 _____ had a
passion for walking, we started off by car.
A. when
B. as
C. after
D. while
【答案】B
【解析】这句话中as引导原因状语从句，放于主句之前。
4 The
opposition parties are planning to bring _____ a No-Confidence Motion against
the Prime Minister.
A. up
B. forward
C. out
D. about
【答案】B
【解析】bring forward提出(问题、建议、计划等)。bring up提出问题（供讨论或协商等）。bring out出版，生产。bring about带来，引起。
5 India is one
of the several countries which are _____ affected by widespread deforestation
and steady destruction of natural watersheds.
A. critically
B. remarkably
C. superficially
D. strongly
【答案】A
【解析】句意：在森林遭受广泛砍伐、自然水域遭到破坏的国家中，印度是受到影响最严重的国家之一。critically危急地；严重地。remarkably显著地；非常地。superficially表面地；浅薄地。strongly强有力地；坚强地。
6 If you take
care of the pence, the _____ will take care of themselves.
A. dollars
B. cents
C. pounds
D. money
【答案】C
【解析】这句话是一句英文谚语，意思是从小事抓起，大事才能做好，即积少成多。
7 Over the
course of centuries, the river Ganges has _____ its course many a times.
A. altered
B. deviated
C. recovered
D. adjusted
【答案】A
【解析】句意：几个世纪以来，恒河的河道变了很多次。这句话中第二个course是“路线，航向”的意思。alter改变。deviate作“偏离”的意思时为不及物动词，需要与from搭配。recover恢复。adjust使……适合；校准。
8 A notable
patriot and revolutionary _____ lost to India in the death of Subhash Chandra
Bose.
A. was
B. were
C. had
D. have
【答案】A
【解析】句意：Subhash
Chandra Bose的离世使印度少了一位伟大的爱国主义家和革命家。这句话中patriot和revolutionary指的都是Subhash Chandra Bose，因此谓语动词用单数。
9 The dacoits
attacked the village and every man, woman and child _____ put to death.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. are
【答案】A
【解析】every修饰单数名词，后接单数动词。
10 They tried
to reassure me but I was still not able to _____ my fears
A. annul
B. prevent
C. reduce
D. curtail
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他们试图让我安心，但我还是不能抹去内心的恐惧。annul废除；使消失。curtail缩减；剪短。
11 I always
preferred the _____ of the big
city.
A. anonymity
B. obscurity
C.
distinctiveness
D. none of these
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我总是更喜欢大城市的匿名性。可以理解为我喜欢在大城市中几乎没有人认识自己这种感觉。anonymity匿名。obscurity朦胧；阴暗。distinctiveness特殊性；辨别性。
12 The opposition
_____ the Minister by furious criticism.
A. ascribed
B. hailed
C. treated
D. assailed
【答案】D
【解析】句意：反对派通过猛烈的批评来攻击部长。assail攻击；质问。ascribe归因于。hail致敬；招呼。
13 His jokes
failed to _____ even the faintest of smiles from her.
A. invoke
B. elicit
C. attract
D. make
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他的笑话没有使她的脸上展现出一丁点笑容。elicit使发出；引起。invoke调用；祈求。
14 Credit card
crime is reaching _____ proportions.
A. endemic
B. epidemic
C. unbelievable
D. great
【答案】B
【解析】句意：信用卡犯罪正在蔓延。epidemic流行的；传染性的。endemic地方性的。unbelievable难以置信的。
15 The visitor
was welcomed _____ and introduced to the Governor.
A. ceremoniously
B. ceremonially
C.
affectionately
D. perfectly
【答案】A
【解析】句意：客人受到了隆重的欢迎，然后被介绍给了州长。ceremoniously隆重地。ceremonially礼仪上地。affectionately亲切地。
16 She showed
great _____ and finesse in dealing with the troublesome situation.
A. tact
B. trick
C. ability
D. power
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她处理棘手的局面时表现得十分老练与巧妙。finesse策略；巧妙。tact机智；老练。trick诡计。
17 She _____
her disapproval of the show by leaving the auditorium.
A. engaged
B. saw
C. envisaged
D. evinced
【答案】D
【解析】句意：她用离开观众席这种方式来表示自己对于这场表演的不满。evince表明，表示。engage占用；使参加。envisage正视，面对。
18 Coaching
classes often act as the _____ to success in competitive examinations.
A. way
B. means
C. door
D. window
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在选拔考试中，辅导班通常扮演着通往成功大门的角色。coaching class辅导班。由于空白处前有“act as”，不能选way这个选项。
19 The poor
woman has _____ many hardships after her husband died many years ago.
A. born
B. bore
C. borne
D. boar
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这个可怜女人的丈夫很多年前去世了，在那之后她受了很多苦。borne忍受。boar野猪。
20 We partook
_____ the humble meal provided by the villagers.
A. with
B. of
C. at
D. from
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我们吃光了村民提供给我们的便饭。partake吃，喝；分享。partake of吃光。
21 This is
similar to the other tune, but quite _____ from it.
A. distinctive
B. distinct
C. diverge
D. divergent
【答案】B
【解析】句意：这首曲子与另一首相似，但又截然不同。be distinct from与……不同。distinctive有特色的。diverge偏离。divergent相异的，分歧的。
22 A leading
chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry
because much of the relevant nomenclature is _____ , in that it combines
concepts that should be kept _____
A. obscure, interrelated
B. specialized, intact
C. imprecise, discrete
D. descriptive, separate
【答案】C
【解析】句意：一位著名的化学家认为许多科学家对立体化学的学习有困难，因为许多相关的术语将无关的概念相结合，导致这些术语不精确。第一个空应该填导致“difficulty”的原因。in that表达因果关系，即后面内容也是“difficulty”的原因。根据combine可知，第二个空应该填其意思相反的形容词。interrelated相关的。specialized专业的。intact完整的。imprecise不精确的。discrete分离的。descriptive描写的。
23 A
misconception frequently held by novice writer is that sentence structure
mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more _____ the ideas.
A. complicated
B. inconsequential
C. elementary
D. fanciful
【答案】A
【解析】句意：新手作家通常有一种错误的观念，即句子结构是思想的反映，句子结构越复杂，思想就越深刻。这句话中mirror的意思为“反映”，因此空白处单词的意思应该与“convoluted”相同。complicated难懂的。inconsequential不重要的。fanciful想象的；稀奇的。
24 A war, even if fought for individual
liberty and democratic rights, usually requires that these principles be
_____ , for they are _____ the regimentation and discipline necessary for
military efficiency.
A. rejected, inherent
in
B. suppressed, fulfilled
through
C. suspended, incompatible
with
D. followed, disruptive
of
【答案】C
【解析】句意：战争，哪怕是为了争取个人自由和民主权利而战，通常也需要暂时放弃这些原则，因为他们和军事效率所必需的组织纪律是相矛盾的。suspend推迟；使暂停。be incompatible with与……不相容。suppress抑制。be inherent in为……固有的。disruptive破坏性的。
25 A number of
writers who once greatly _____ the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting
_____ for their former criticism.
A. lauded, censure
B. influenced, analysis
C. simulated, ambivalence
D. disparaged, approbation
【答案】D
【解析】句意：很多曾经强烈鄙视这个文学评论家的作家近来放弃了他们过去的想法，他们用赞美代替了之前了批评。由“former criticism”可知，第一个空应该填具有贬义的动词，第二个空应该填褒义词。disparage蔑视；毁谤。approbation认可；赞许。laud赞美。Censure责难。simulate模仿。ambivalence矛盾情绪。
26 A human
being is quite _____ creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or
her fears and _____ is thin and often easily breached.
A. a frail, insecurity
B. a ludicrous, laughter
C. a valiant, phobias
D. an ambitious,
morality
【答案】A
【解析】句意：人类是一种极其脆弱的生物，因为掩盖着其恐惧与不安全感的那层理性的外表是那么薄弱，且常常易于破裂。frail脆弱的。insecurity不安全。ludicrous滑稽的。valiant英勇的。phobia恐惧；憎恶。morality道德；品行。
27 The
diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such
delicate negotiations, _____ to make a decision during the talks because any
sudden commitment at that time would have been _____
A. resolved, detrimental
B. refused, apropos
C. declined, inopportune
D. struggled, unconscionable
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这位外交官因为她在细微的谈判中表现出的耐心和技能而被选中，她在谈判中拒绝做任何决定，因为那时任何草率的承诺都是不合时宜的。decline to do拒绝做某事。inopportune不适当的。resolve to do下决心做。detrimental不利的。apropos恰好的；适当的。unconscionable昧着良心的。
28 Because the
monkeys under study are _____ the presence of human beings, they typically
_____ human observers and go about their business.
A. ambivalent
about, welcome
B. habituated to,
disregard
C. pleased with,
snub
D. unaware of, avoid
【答案】B
【解析】句意：由于被研究的猴子习惯了人的存在，因而它们能忽略人类的观察而做它们自己的事情。be habituated to习惯于。disregard忽视。ambivalent矛盾的。snub冷落。
29 He had
expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered _____
bordering on hostility.
A. patience
B. discretion
C. indifference
D. ineptitude
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他以为自己会因为告密而受到感激，但实际上他遇到的是近乎敌意的冷漠。由“instead”可推断空白处与“gratitude”意思相反。indifference冷淡。discretion自由裁量权；谨慎。ineptitude不适当。
30 Nonviolent
demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly
refused to _____ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can
no longer be _____.
A. acknowledge, ignored
B. decrease, verified
C. tolerate, accepted
D. address, eliminated
【答案】A
【解析】句意：非暴力示威通常会造成这样的局面，他们迫使一个拒绝承认自己不公正行为的团体去纠正自己的错误，因为这些不公正的行为已经不容忽视了。acknowledge承认。verify核实。
II. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points for each)
Read the
following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in
Passage 1 2and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your
understanding of the passage.
(1)
Scattered around
the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hot spots
(hot spot: a place in the upper mantle of the earth at which hot magma from the
lower mantle upwells to melt through the crust usually in the interior of a
tectonic plate to form a volcanic feature; also: a place in the crust overlying
a hot spot) Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found along the
boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth’s
crust; most hot spots lie deep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep
in the layers of the Earth’s surface. Hot spots are also distinguished from
other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metals
than do those from volcanoes at plate margins.
In some cases,
plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the
same way that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It
appears that the Hawaiian Islands were created in such a manner by a single
source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which the Pacific Ocean plate
passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a
line of volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains the
Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge parallel the configuration of the Hawaiian
chain; they are also aligned from the east toward the northwest, with the most recent
volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses.
That the Pacific
plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative
motion of the plates has been reconstructed in detail. However, the relative
motion of the plates with respect to the Earth’s interior cannot be determined
easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments for resolving the question of
whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whether one
is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The most compelling
evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots,
lavas of several ages are superposed instead of being spread out in
chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the
tracks of hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so.
Several studies support such an assumption, including one that has shown that prominent
hot spots throughout the world seem not to have moved during the past ten million
years.
Beyond acting as
frames of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes
that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest
over a hot spot, material welling up from deeper layers forms a broad dome
that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In some instances, the continental
plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spot
initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have
explained the mobility of the continental plates, so hot-spot activity may
suggest a theory to explain their mutability.
1 The primary
purpose of the passage is to _____.
A. describe the
way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes
B. describe and
explain the formation of the oceans and continents
C. explain how
to estimate the age of lava flows from extinct volcanoes
D. describe hot
spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the motion of plates
2 According to the
passage, hot spots differ from most volcanoes in that hot spots _____.
A. can only be
found near islands
B. have greater
amounts of alkali metals in their lavas
C. are situated
closer to the earth’s surface
D. can be found
along the edges of the plates
3 It can be
inferred from the passage that evidence for tile apparent course of the Pacific
plate has been provided by the _____.
A. configurations
of several mid-ocean island chains
B. dimensions of
ocean hot spots
C. concurrent
movement of two hot spots
D. pattern of
fissures in the ocean floor
4 The passage
suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the Austral Ridge
and the Tuamotu Ridge?
A. The three
chains of islands are moving eastward.
B. The three
island chains are a result of the same plate movement.
C. The Hawaiian
Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a relatively rapid
rate.
D. The Austral
Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together whereas the
Hawaiian Islands have remained stationary
5 Which of the
following, if true, would best support the author’s statement that hot-spot
activity may explain the mutability of continental plates?
A. Hot spots
move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates.
B. Hot spots are
reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.
C. Hot spots are
regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental
plates.
D. The
coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have
constituted a single continent that ruptured along a line of hot spots.
【答案与解析】
1D 由文章可知，作者主要介绍了hot spots及其“influence the geophysical
processes that propel the plates across the globe”。因此D项正确。
2B 由第一段最后一句可知，hot spots与火山的岩浆不同，hot spots的岩浆“contain greater amounts of
alkali metals”，因此B项正确。
3A 第二段主要介绍了太平洋中几条岛屿链的结构，证明了太平洋版块移动的路径，因此A项正确。
4B 由第二段可知，“the Austral Ridge and
the Tuamotu Ridge”与夏威夷群岛相平行，它们都是西北—东南走向，都是太平洋版块移动的产物，因此B项正确。
5D 由第三段可知，“hot spots are immobile”，因此可作为版块运动的参照物。D项说的是非洲与南美的海岸线证明它们可能曾经属于同一块大陆，在同一条热点线上分离，这可以证明热点可以作为版块运动的参照物，因此D项正确。
(2)
“They treat us
like mules.” the guy installing my washer tells me, his eyes narrowing as he
wipes his hands, I had just complimented him and his partner on the speed and
assurance of their work. He explains that it’s rare that customers speak to him
this way. I know what he’s talking about. My mother was a waitress all her
life, in coffee shops and fast-paced chain restaurants. It was hard work, but
she liked it, liked “being among the public,” as she would say. But that work
had its sting too the customer who would treat her like a servant or, her
biggest complaint, like she was not that bright.
There’s a lesson
here for this political season: the subtle and not-so-subtle insults that
blue-collar and service workers endure as part of their working lives. And
those insults often have to do with intelligence.
We like to think
of the United States as a classless society. The belief in economic mobility is
central to the American Dream, and we pride ourselves on our spirit of
egalitarianism. But we also have a troubling streak of aristocratic bias in our
national temperament, and one way it manifests itself is in the assumptions we
make about people who work with their hands. Working people sense this bias and
react to it when they vote. The common political wisdom is that hot-button
social issues have driven blue-collar voters rightward. But there are other
cultural dynamics at play as well. And Democrats can be as
oblivious to these dynamics as Republicans-though the Grand Old Party did
appeal to them in St. Paul.
Let’s go back to
those two men installing my washer and dryer They do a lot of heavy lifting quickly
mine was the first of 15 deliveries and efficiently, to avoid injury. Between
them there is ongoing communication, verbal anti nonverbal, to coordinate the
lift, negotiate the tight fit, move in rhythm with each other. And all the
while, they are weighing options, making decisions and solving problems as when
my new dryer didn’t match up with the gas outlet.
Think about what
a good waitress has to do in the busy restaurant: remember orders and monitor
them, attend to a dynamic, quickly changing environment, prioritize tasks and
manage the flow of work, make decisions on the fly There’s the carpenter using
a number of mathematical concepts symmetry, proportion. congruence, the
properties of angles and visualizing these concepts while building a cabinet, a
flight of stairs, or a pitched roof.
The
hairstylist’s practice is a mix of technique, “knowledge about the biology of
hair. aesthetic judgment and communication skill. The mechanic, electrician,
and plumber are troubleshooters and problem solvers Even the routinized factory
floor calls for working smarts When has any of this made its way into our
political speeches? From either pasty. Even on Labor Day.
Last week, the
CDP masterfully invoked some old cultural suspicions: country folk versus, city
and east coast versus heartland education But these are symbolic populist
gestures not the stuff of the engagement. Judgements about intelligence easy great weight in our society, and
we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people’s intelligence based
on the kind of work they do.
Political
tributes to labor over the next two months will render the muscled arm, sleeve
rolled tight against biceps. But few will also celebrate die thought bright
behind the eye, or offer an image that links hand and brain. It would be
fitting in a country with an egalitarian vision of itself to have a truer,
richer sense of all that is involved in the wide range of work that surrounds
and sustains us.
Those politicians
who can communicate that sense will tap a deep reserve of neglected feeling.
And those who can honor and use work in explaining and personalizing their
policies will find a welcome reception.
6 To illustrate
the intelligence of the working class, the author cites the examples of all of
the following EXCEPT _____.
A. hairstylist
and waitress
B. carpenter and
mechanic
C. electrician
and plumber
D.
street-cleaner and shop-assistant
7 In the
sentence “we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism” (para. 3), the
word “egalitarianism” can be replaced by _____.
A. individualism
B. enlightenment
C. equality
D. liberalism
8 We can
conclude from the passage that _____.
A. in America,
judgments about people’s intelligence are often based on the kind of work they
do
B. the subtle
and not-so-subtle insults towards blue-collars are a daily phenomenon in
America
C. the United
States is a classless society
D. the old
cultural suspicions of country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland
education show the Republican’s true engagement
9 One of the
major groups of targeted readers of the author should be _____.
A. blue-collar
American workers
B. middle class
American businessmen
C. American
politicians .
D. American
company leaders
10 Which of the
following summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. The
Democratic Party and the Republican Party should stop symbolic populist
gestures.
B. Political
tributes should mind the subtle bias against the intelligence of the working
class.
C. The ruling
party should acknowledge the working smarts of blue-collars.
D. The whole
American society should change the attitude towards the blue-collar workers.
【答案与解析】
6D 在倒数第四、五、六段中，作者举了two men
installing my washer and dryer、waitress、carpenter、mechanic, electrician, and plumber、hairstylist的例子来证明他们的智慧，因此作者没有提到D项中street-cleaner
and shop-assistant。
7C 在题干所引句子后，作者话锋一转，说到但是他们的民族性格中有一种“aristocratic
bias”，因此“egalitarianism”的意思与“equality”相同。
8A 根据第二段“the subtle and
not-so-subtle insults that blue-collar and service workers endure as part of
their working lives”可知，或多或少的侮辱是他们职业生活的一部分，但并不说明这是美国每天都会发生的现象，因此B项错误。根据后一句可知，这些侮辱通常“have to do with intelligence”，即通常与智力联系到一起，因此A项正确。
9C 由第二段“There’s a lesson here for
this political season”和第三段中“Working people sense this bias and react to it when they vote”及最后一段“those who can honor and
use work in…their policies will find a welcome reception.”可以推断，这篇文章的目标读者为政客。
10B 本文介绍了社会对于蓝领及服务人员智力的普遍偏见，并指出接下来两个月中“political tributes to labor”能够给政客赢得巨大的力量，因此B项正确。
(3)
Joy and sadness
are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell
when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of
many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of
friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by
Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As
the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal
recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example,
facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence
of language.
Most
investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions
in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear,
happiness and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate, what
emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European
college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea
highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with
Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed
familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the
characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his
colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in
which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown
by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions
were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological
researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional
states. In fact various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions
and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According
to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back
to emotion centers-of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can
influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free
expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand,
the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.”
Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to
anger?
Psychological
research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons
(humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they
are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the
possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which
is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense
contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened
emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and
the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The
contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and
reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is
characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in
the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward
the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s
observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip”
as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense,
and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional
response.
11 The word “despondent”
in the passage is closest in meaning to_______.
A. curious
B. unhappy
C. thoughtful
D. uncertain
12 The author
mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to _____.
A. differentiate
one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of
it
B. support
Darwin’s theory of evolution
C. provide an
example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D. contrast a
facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
13 The word
“concur” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____
A. estimate
B. agree
C. expect
D. understand
14 According to
paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?
A. They did not
want to be shown photographs.
B. They were
famous for their story telling skills.
C. They knew
very little about Western culture.
D. They did not
encourage the expression of emotions.
15 According to
the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not
expressed?
A. They would
become less intense.
B. They would
last longer than usual.
C. They would
cause problems later.
D. They would
become more negative.
【答案与解析】
11B “happy or despondent”中的or表示转折，因此despondent应该与happy意思相反。
12C 题干问的是作者这样说的目的。由第一段可知，“It turns
out that the expression of many emotions may be universal.”，作者随后给出了“Smiling”和“Baring the teeth in a hostile
way”两个例子，因此C项正确。
13B 由第二段第一句可推断大多数研究人员都认为“certain
facial expressions…people”,或者都同意这个观点，因此“concur”的意思与“agree”相同。
14C 由第二段可知，the Fore几乎与西方文化没有接触，他们在测试中也会“displayed
familiar facial expressions”。因此C项正确。
15A 由第三段引用达尔文的话中可知，自由表达的情感变得更加强烈，然而“the
repression”，即那些没有表达出来的情感被“soften”了，也就是变得不那么强烈了，因此A项正确。
(4)
BANKS mimic
other banks. They expose themselves
to similar risks by making the same sorts of loans. Each bank’s appetite for
lending rises and falls in sync. What is safe for one institution becomes
dangerous if they all do the same, which is often how financial trouble starts.
The scope for nasty spillovers is increased by direct linkages. Banks lend to
each other as well as to customers, so one firm’s failure can quickly cause
others to fall over, too.
Because of these
connections, rules to ensure the soundness of each bank are not enough to keep
the banking system safe Hence the calls for “macroprudential” regulation to
prevent failures of the financial system as a whole. Although there is wide
agreement that macroprudential policy is needed to limit systemic risk, there
has been very little detail about how it might work. Two new reports help fill
this gap. One is a discussion paper from the Bank of England, which sketches
out the elements of a macroprudential regime and identifies what needs to be
decided before it is put into practice. The other paper, by the Warwick Commission,
a group of academics and experts on finance from around the world, advocates
specific reforms.
The first step
is to decide an objective for macroprudential policy. A broad aim is to keep
the financial system working well at all times. The bank’s report suggests a
more precise goal: to limit the chance of bank failure to its “social optimum”.
Tempering the boom-bust credit cycle and taking some air out of asset-price
bubbles may be necessary to meet these aims, but both reports agree that should
not be the main purpose of regulation. Making finance safer is ambitious
enough.
Policymakers
then have to decide on how they might achieve their goal. The financial system
is too willing to provide credit in good times and too shy to do so in bad
times. In upswings banks are keen to extend loans because write-offs seem
unlikely. The willingness of other banks to do the same only reinforces the
trend. Borrowers seem less likely to default because with lots of credit
around, the value of their assets is rising. As the boom gathers pace, even
banks that are wary of making fresh loans carry on for fear of ceding ground to
rivals. When recession hits, each bank becomes fearful of making loans partly because
other banks are also reluctant. Scarce credit hurts asset prices and leaves
borrowers prey to the cash-flow troubles of customers and suppliers.
Since the cycle
is such an influence on banks, macroprudential regulation should make it harder
for all banks to lend so freely in booms and easier for them to lend in
recessions, it can do this by tailoring capital requirements to the credit
cycle. Whenever overall credit growth looks too frothy, the macroprudential
body could increase the minimum capital buffer that supervisors make each bank
hold. Equity capital is relatively dear for banks, which benefit from an
implicit state guarantee on their debt finance as well as the tax break son
interest payments enjoyed by all firms. Forcing banks to hold more capital when
exuberance reigns would make it costlier for them to supply credit. It would
also provide society with an extra cushion against bank failures.
Each report adds
its own twist to this prescription. The Bank of England thinks extra capital
may be needed for certain sorts of credit. If capital penalties are not
targeted, it argues, banks may simply cut back on routine loans to free up
capital for more exotic lending. The Warwick report says each bank’s capital
should also vary with how long-lived its assets are relative to its funding.
Firms with big maturity mismatches are more likely to cause systemic problems
and should be penalized. The ease of raising cash against assets and of rolling
over debt varies over the cycle, and capital rules need to reflect this
Regulators should also find ways to match different risks with the firms which
can best bear them Banks are the natural bearers of credit risk since they know
about evaluating borrowers Pension funds are less prone to sudden withdrawals
of cash and are the best homes for illiquid assets.
The Warwick
group is keen that macroprudential policy should be guided by rules. If credit
asset prices and GDP were all growing above their long-run average rates, say,
the regulator would be forced to step in or explain why it is not doing so.
Finance is a powerful lobby. Without such a trigger for intervention,
regulators may be swayed by arguments that the next credit boom is somehow
different and poses few dangers The bank frets about regulatory capture, too,
but doubts that any rule would be right for all circumstances. It favours other
approaches, such as frequent public scrutiny, to keep regulators honest
When banks
attack, no regulatory system is likely to be fail-safe. That is why Bank of
England officials stress that efforts to make bank failures less costly for
society must be part of regulatory reform. That includes making banks’ capital
structures more flexible, so that some kinds of debt turn into loss-bearing
equity in a crisis. Both reports favour making systemically important banks
hold extra capital, as they pose bigger risks when they fail.
The Warwick
group also thinks cross-border banks should abide by the rules of their host
countries, so that macroprudential regulation fits local credit conditions.
That would require that foreign subsidiaries be independently capitalized ,
which may also be necessary for a cross border bank to have a credible “living
will”, a guide to its orderly resolution. This advice will chafe most in the
European Union, where standard rules are the basis of the single market. But
varying rules on capital could also be used as a macroeconomic tool in the euro
area, where monetary policy cannot be tailored to each country’s needs.
Regulation to address negative spillovers that hurt financial stability might
then have a positive spillover for economic stability.
Answer the
following questions in your own words according to the requirements. The answer
should be as clear and relevant as possible.
16 What is the
situation facing banks and why?
17 Based on
your understanding of the passage, what might be the meaning of “boom-bust
credit cycle” and “asset-price bubbles” in the 3rd paragraph?
18 How do The
Bank of England and the Warwick group respond to the “macroprudential”
regulation?
19 Why does the
Bank of England emphasize taking efforts to make bank failures less costly for
society should be part of regulatory reform? What measure(s) does it suggest to
achieve this goal?
20 Why will the
European Union feel annoyed about the advice of the Warwick group put forward
in the last paragraph of this passage?
【答案与解析】
16 Banks are
facing similar risks, because they imitate each other and make the same sorts
of loans.
（由第一段可知，银行业目前的情况是彼此模仿，相互借贷，因此他们可能冒着同样的风险。）
17 “boom-bust
credit cycle” means that banks are always willing to provide credit in booms
and unwilling to do so in recessions. “asset-price bubbles” means that value of
assets rises with lots of credit around.
（“boom-bust credit
cycle”指的是银行总是愿意在繁荣时提供借贷，在经济衰退时总是不愿这样做。”asset-price bubbles”指的是大量的信贷使资产价值上升。）
18 The Bank of
England outlined the regulation and recognized what needs to be decided before the
implement of the regulation. Warwick Commission supports specific measures of
the reform.
（由第二段可知，The Bank of England勾勒出这一体系的要素，并确定了在实施之前需要决定哪些因素。the Warwick group提倡具体的改革。）
19 Because if
banks fail, no regulatory system is guaranteed not to fail. It suggests that
banks’ capital structures should be more flexible and systemically important
banks should hold extra capital.
（由倒数第二段可知，如果银行崩溃，就没有保证不会失败的监管体系。因此它提出应该使银行的资本结构更加灵活，并且应该让系统重要性银行掌握额外的资本。）
20 The reason
is that in the European Union is a single market whose basis is the standard rules,
while the Warwick group thinks cross-border banks should observe rules of their
host countries.
（欧盟旨在建立一个单一市场，其基础是共同的标准。而the Warwick group认为跨国银行应该遵守所在国家的标准，与欧盟的意愿相违。）
III .
Essay Writing (30 points)
Translation in
general is undervalued in society and translators are usually under-paid, since
many people consider that so long
as one knows two languages he can translate. What is your opinion about
this issue? State your view clearly and give your reasons in an essay of no
less than 400 words.
【参考范文】
It is taken for
granted that one who knows two languages can translate. And many people
complain about the high price of commercial translation. In fact, translation
is far from the simple conversion of two languages forms. It is a re-creation
of the translator under different cultural backgrounds.
Translation is
the artistic creation of language. When translating, one might find it hard to translate
some words literally. In this case, a translator will try to think of a similar
but more fluent and native expression in the target language instead. That’s the
difference between a bilingual person and a translator. Some western scholars
also believe that translation is a “artistic adaptation of the original text”.
The purpose of translation is to transmit a certain image of social life in the
original background to another language. The artistic beauty of source language
is pursued in the process and is reproduced in the target language.
There are
numerous differences between two languages, such as different attributive or
adverbial position and, of course, the cultural differences. Translation is not
only a translation of linguistic symbols, but also a cultural exchange. When dealing
with texts involving cultural elements, translators believes that any language contains
relevant elements of its culture, such as greetings and collocations.
Expressions and collocations only exist in a specific cultural environment. At
the same time, cultures represented by different languages are so different
from each other that the transformation of the language and the creation process
vary to a large extent. According to Nida, one of the founders of the modern
discipline of Translation Studies, for a successful translator, it is more
important to be excel in two cultures than to master two languages, because
words in a language only have the right and culturally appropriate items in a
particular language and culture.
Translation
involves not only language but also cultural issues. Translators need to be
proficient in both the culture of foreign countries and that of their own nation.
In addition, they have to constantly compare the two cultures because the real
equivalence should be the meaning, function, emotion and so on in each culture.
Communication is
just one of the functions of language, and the more important function is to
exchange ideas. A translator must be a truly literate person who is able to
create independently. People commonly say words like “a translator must master
two languages”. It is true. But without knowing the culture of language, no one
can really master language.
【解析】有人认为只要会两种语言的人都能翻译。本题要求就这一说法表达自己的观点。作者在第一段中明确提出了自己的观点：翻译决不是两种语言的简单转换，而是译者在不同文化背景下的重新创作。第二段对翻译是对语言的艺术性创造这一观点进行了阐述，第三、四段对翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换，同时是文化的交流这一观点进行了进一步说明。最后一段总结了自己的观点，并指出翻译工作者不仅需要掌握双语，还要是一个真正有文化的人。
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