北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 北京邮电大学人文学院《817英语语言学与文学基础》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

2. 全国名校英语语言学考研真题

3. 全国名校英美文学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）

2. 陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

3. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题

4. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

5. 王守仁《英国文学选读》（第3、4版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）

6. 王守仁《英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

7. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题

8. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

北京邮电大学人文学院《817英语语言学与文学基础》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

书籍目录

部分内容

2006年北京邮电大学《417英语语言学与文学基础》考研真题及详解

Part One 20%

Directions: Filling in the following blanks. （one point each）

1 Languages are studied at different levels. Theoretical
linguistics generally includes six main branches, namely _____, _____, _____,
_____, _____, _____.

【答案】phonetics; phonology; morphology; syntax; semantics; pragmatics

【解析】本题考查理论语言学的基本分支。理论语言学的六个主要分支有语音学，音系学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语用学。

2 The most important two relationships in language
are _____ and _____as identified by de Saussure.

【答案】diachronic and synchronic; langue and parole

【解析】本题考查索绪尔提出的两个关于语言的二分法。这两个二分法分别是共时和历时，语言和言语。

3 Chomsky put forward the notions of _____
and _____, which are comparable to de Saussure’s langue and parole.

【答案】competence; performance

【解析】本题考查乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的语言能力，语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。语言能力和语言运用与索绪尔的语言和言语分别对应。

4 The publication of The Waste Land, written by _____,
helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and
allusive thought.

【答案】T. S. Eliot

【解析】本题考查《荒原》的作者。《荒原》是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是托马斯•艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品，表达了西方一代人精神上的幻灭，被认为是西方现代文学中具有划时代意义的作品。

5 Fitzgerald summarized the experiences
and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel _____.

【答案】The Great Gatsby

【解析】本题考查美国作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作。其代表作《了不起的盖茨比》是一部以20世纪20年代的纽约市及长岛为背景的中篇小说，是对大萧条时期之后的“爵士时代”的一个不安的叙述：它刻录着“爵士时代”及其伴随着这个时代所发生的一切，具有深到的社会普遍代表性和认识价值。

6 An American woman writer named _____ who had lived in Paris since
1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gave them a
name “the Lost Generation”.

【答案】Gertrude Stein

【解析】本题考查美国女作家格特鲁德•斯泰因的相关知识。格特鲁德•斯泰因对美国现代主义的影响很大，被称作美国“垮掉的一代”（斯泰因称他们为“迷惘的一代”）的导师、保姆、代言人和命名者。

7 _____ is generally regarded as John
Steinbeck’s masterpiece.

【答案】The Grape of Wrath

【解析】本题考查约翰•斯坦贝克的代表作。《愤怒的葡萄》是美国现代小说家约翰•斯坦贝克的代表作，这部作品描写美国20世纪30年代经济恐慌期间大批农民破产、逃荒的故事，反映了惊心动魄的社会斗争的图景。小说饱含美国农民的血泪、愤慨和斗争。

8 Quentin is a character in Faulkner’s
novel _____

【答案】The Sound and the Fury

【解析】本题考查福克纳的小说《喧哗与骚动》。《喧哗与骚动》是福克纳的第一部成熟的作品。书中大量运用多视角叙述方法及意识流手法，是现代派小说中的经典名著。昆丁是该小说中的一个主要人物。

9 The poetic style Whitman devised is now
called _____, which is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

【答案】free verse

【解析】本题考查惠特曼诗歌的韵律特点。惠特曼是美国文学史上最伟大的改革者之一，他所创造的诗体现在被称为“自由体”，即没有固定节拍和规则韵律的诗。

10 Melville’s world classic novel Moby Dick was dedicated to
_____, a novelist who wrote The Scarlet Letter suggested that American
Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan Moralism.

【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne

【解析】本题考查小说《红字》的作者。《红字》是霍桑的代表作，小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。

11 The Bronte sisters are Charlotte
Bronte, _____ and Anne Bronte.

【答案】Emily Bronte

【解析】本题考查勃朗特三姐妹。勃朗特家庭是文学史上的一个天才家庭，姐妹三人都具有非凡的文学才能。夏洛蒂、艾米莉、安妮，她们虽然都命运坎坷，英年早逝，但其著作却成为19世纪文学的经典之作，她们是后世轰轰烈烈的“女性写作运动”的鼻祖。

12 Among Hardy’s novels, the best known is
_____ and Jude the Obscure.

【答案】Tess of the D’Urbervilles

【解析】本题考查哈代的主要作品。《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代的代表作是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。《无名的裘德》是哈代最优秀的作品之一，它以悲怆的笔调叙述了乡村青年裘德一生的悲剧。

13 _____ is the representative among the writers of aestheticism
and decadence. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a typical decadent novel
written by him.

【答案】Oscar Wilde

【解析】本题考查奥斯卡•王尔德的相关知识。他是爱尔兰作家、诗人、剧作家，英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者。《道林•格雷的画像》是其主要作品之一。

Part Two （Linguistics）

Section A

Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.

1 What are the features that distinguish a
human language from other communication systems? And in what way they are
important to man’s development? （8%）

【答案】

（1） Language is a system of
arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has
revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal,
symbolic and most importantly human-specific. Design features refer to the defining
properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of
communication.

（2） Arbitrariness is the core
feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or
intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is
associated with. It is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such
as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a
certain degree.

（3） Duality refers to the property
of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are
composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own
principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a
system, namely, with both elements （e.g. sounds, letters） and units （e.g. words）.

（4） Creativity means language is
resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human
beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our
native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.

（5） Displacement means that human
languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which
are not present （in
time and space） at
the moment of communication. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them
the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.

（6） Language is culturally
transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity.

（7） Interchangeability refers to
the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a
speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Thus these design features
distinguish human language from any other communication system in their special
way.

【答题思路】本题考查语言的定义特征。分别阐述语言的定义特征的含义以及其功能即可。

2 What are the three metafunctions of
language proposed by M. K. Halliday? Please explain each of them briefly （8%）

【答案】

（1） In his systemic-functional
grammar, Halliday proposed three metafunctions of language, namely, ideational
function, interpersonal function and textual function.

（2） The ideational function is
applied for conveying new information, to communicate a content that is unknown
to the hearer. The ideational function mainly consists of “transitivity” and
“voice”. Transitivity simply refers to the grammar of the clause in its
ideational aspect. It consists of six different processes: Material,
Behavioral, Mental, Verbal, Relational and Existential Process.

（3） The interpersonal function
embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relationships.
This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and
performs a speech act. Because the clause is not confined to the expression of
transitivity, there are non-ideational elements in the adult language system.
Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality. Mood indicates what
role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to
the addressee. Mood is made up of two parts: the “Subject” and the “Finite”
element. The subject can be a noun, a noun phrase, or a clause. Modality
specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.

（4） The textual function means
that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse
into a coherent and unified text and at the same time, make a living passage
different from a random list of sentences. Although two sentences may have exactly
the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they may be different in
textual coherence.

【答题思路】本题考查韩礼德提出的语言的三个元功能。语言的三个元功能是元功能：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。分别解释这三个功能的具体含义即可。

3 In what way is speech sound segmented
into consonants and vowels? Is their difference clear-cut? Can you give an
example of a speech sound that bears the feature of both consonant and vowel? （8%）

【答案】

（1） Consonants are sounds produced
by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede
or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Vowels are sounds
produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air
can be perceived. So consonants and vowels are segmented in terms of the
obstruction of the air.

（2） Theoretically, as far as
phoneticians are concerned, any sound segment must be either a vowel or a
consonant; if a segment is not a vowel, it is a consonant. However, the
difference between consonants and vowels are not so clear-cut, so there are
some odd examples that bear the features of both consonant and vowels.

（3） The problematic area is that
the initial sound in hot gives little turbulence, depending on how forcefully
it is said, and in yet and wet the initial sound segments are obviously vowels.
To get out of this problem, the usual solution is to say that these segments
are neither vowels nor consonants but midway between the two categories, that
is, semi-vowels.

【答题思路】本题考查语音学中辅音和元音的相关知识。首先区分辅音和元音的含义，然后分析区分二者的主要因素。最后结合具体的例子阐述同时具有辅音和元音双重性质的语音。

4 Please write down 12 single vowels in 3
groups in English, namely front, middle and back vowels and explain the basis
for such a classification. （8%）

【答案】

（1） Front vowels: [i]; [e]; [æ];
middle vowels: [ә]; [ә:]; [ɔ:]; back vowels: [u:]; [u]; [a:].

（2） In English, vowels are described
and classified according to four criteria: the height of tongue raising （high, mid, low）; the position of the highest
part of the tongue （front, central, back）; the length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short）; and lip-rounding （rounded vs. unrounded）.

【答题思路】本题考查英语中元音的分类。英语元音的分类有四个标准：舌头抬起的高度——高、中、低；舌头最高部分的高度——前、中、后；元音的长度或紧度；唇的圆展度——圆唇、非圆唇。

5 What are the differences between
inflectional and derivational affixes? Please give at least 5 examples to
support your statement. （8%）

【答案】

（1） Inflectional affixes are
generally less productive than derivational affixes: they very often act as a
minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, such as those
inflectional affixes in words toys, walks, John’s.
Therefore, they serve to produce different forms of a single lexical item.
However, derivational affixes are very productive in making new words. For
example, recite, recitation, recital, thus derivational
affixes often change the lexical meaning.

（2） Inflectional affixes do not
change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers,
whereas derivational affixes might, as the relationship between small
and smallness and that between brother and brotherhood show.

（3） That whether one should add
inflectional affixes or not depends very often on other factors within the
phrase or sentence at stake. For instance, the choice of likes in the
boy likes to navigate on the Internet is determined by the subject the
boy in the sentence. However, derivational affixes are more often based on
simple meaning distinction. For example, the choice of clever and cleverness
depends on whether we want to talk about the property “clever” or the state of
being clever.

（4） In English, most inflectional
affixes are suffixes, which are always word final （e.g. drums, walks,
Mary’s）.
However, derivational affixes can be either prefixes （e.g. suburban; depart,
online）,
suffixes （e.g. slaver,
teacher, workable）, or both （e.g. international, supernational） at the same time.

（5） One word usually has only one
inflectional morpheme whereas it may have two or more derivational morphemes.

【答题思路】本题考查屈折词缀和派生词缀的差异。结合具体的例子分别从构词能力，功能，决定因素，位置和数量等角度进行比较。

6 In English, lexicons are created in many
ways, e.g. invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,
analogical creation, borrowing, etc. Please group the following words according
to their means of creation. （8%）

【答案】

（1） Invention: Coke; Lenovo;

（2） Blending: transistor; positron;
modem;

（3） Abbreviation: bike; gym; flu;

（4） Acronym: PLA; AIDS; SARS;

（5） Back-formation: edit; beg;

（6） Analogical creation: worked;
slayed;

（7） Borrowing: atom; alibi; Jodo.

【答题思路】本题考查构词法的相关知识。根据各个构词法的含义，通过观察和分析对所给单词进行分类。

7 Please give a brief account on
differences in number, gender, case, tense, and aspect between English and
Chinese language. （8%）

【答案】

（1） Number is a grammatical
category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as
singular, dual, plural, etc. In English, number is mainly observed in nouns,
and it has only two forms: singular and plural. Number is also reflected in the
inflection of pronouns and verbs. However, in Chinese, the manifestation of
number can be found in pronouns like “我们”, “你们”
and so on.

（2） Gender is a grammatical
category dividing nouns into classes basically characterized by sex. Gender is
also a category of nouns and pronouns. In English, the gender distinctions are
on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature.
However, exactly speaking, the gender here means the grammatical gender, which
includes feminine, masculine and neuter. Both English and Chinese are only
concerned with the natural gender.

（3） Case is an inflectional
category, basically of nouns, which typically marks their roles in relation to
other parts of the sentence. In English, pronouns have three cases of
nominative （e.g. we,
he, she）, accusative （e.g. us, him, her） and genitive （e.g. our, your, his）. But nouns have only two
cases: general （e.g.
Tom, girl） and genitive （e.g. Tom’s, girl’s）. In Chinese, the nouns and pronouns have no
different cases.

（4） Tense and aspect are two
important categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional
grammar. The distinction between tense and aspect lies in that the former is
deictic, i.e. indicating time relative to the time of utterance; while the latter
is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance,
but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in the
narrative. So it is clear that English is a language with tense and aspect
while Chinese has no tense. In Chinese, the concept of time is not manifested
in verbs but in the time adverbials.

【答题思路】本题考查英汉两种语言在数，格，性，时态和体等方面的差异。分别解释这几个范畴的含义，然后比较英汉两种语言在这些方面存在的差异。

8 G. Leech classified seven types of
meaning. What are they? （8%）

【答案】

（1） According to Leech, there are
seven types of meanings. The first is conceptual meaning which is logical,
cognitive, or denotative content. It is denotative in that it is concerned with
the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.

（2） The second is connotative
meaning, that is, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.
The third one is social meaning which refers to what is communicated of the
social circumstances of language use. The fourth is affective meaning that is
what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker /writer. The
fifth is reflected meaning which is what is communicated through association
with another sense of the same expression. The sixth one is collocative meaning
that refers to what is communicated through association with words which tend
to occur in the environment of another word. These five types of meaning are
also called associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist
theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.

（3） The last type is the thematic
meaning which is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of
the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.

【答题思路】本题考查意义的类型。根据利奇的观点，意义可以分为七种类型，分别是概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，感情意义，反射意义，搭配意义和主位意义。依次阐述这七种意义即可。

9 What is speech act theory? （8%）

【答案】

（1） The speech act theory was
proposed by the Oxford philosopher John Austin in his How to Do Things with
Words. It is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic
communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”

（2） Austin’s first contribution to
the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performatives
and constatives, which could not be valued from the traditional view of
truth-value. Thus, he made a distinction between performatives and constatives.
Performatives are statements which are used to do something, which do not state
or describe a fact and are not verifiable. Constatives are statements that
state or describe a fact and are thus verifiable.

（3） Though performatives cannot be
true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or
felicitous, which are known as felicity conditions suggested by Austin as
follows: ①There
must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant participants and
circumstances must be appropriate; ②The procedure must be executed correctly and completely; ③The relevant people must have
the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with
actions as specified.

【答题思路】本题考查言语行为理论。首先解释该理论的含义及目标，然后详细阐释其具体内容。

10 Please give a brief account on the
different kinds of relationship between antonyms. （8%）

【答案】

（1） Antonymy is the name for
oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: gradable antonymy,
complementary antonymy, and converse antonymy.

（2） Gradable antonymy. It is the
commonest type of antonymy. They are gradable, namely, the members of a pair
differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion
of the other.

（3） Complementary antonymy. The
members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other. They divide up
the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means
the denial of the other，but the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.

（4） Converse antonymy. This is a
special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitute a
positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between
two entities. This type of antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles,
kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. It is in this sense that
they are also known as relational opposites. There are always two entities
involved. One presupposes the other. This is the major difference between this
type and the previous two.

【答题思路】本题考查反义关系的含义及类型。首先解释反义关系的含义，然后分别阐述三种不同类型的反义关系，可以结合具体的例子进行解释。

Section Two  Essay
Questions

1 Please give a detailed account on
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. （15%）

【答案】

（1） The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is
named after the American anthropological linguist Edward Sapir and his student
Benjamin Whorf. It is also known as the theory of linguistic relativity,
linguistic relativism, linguistic determinism, Whorfian hypothesis, and
Whorfianism. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the linguistic theory that the
semantic structure of a language shapes or limits the ways in which a speaker
forms conceptions of the world. There has been much debate and controversy on
the theory over the past decades, consequently, two versions of this hypothesis
have been developed, a strong version and s weak version.

（2） The strong version refers to
the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of
language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this
hypothesis is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is
a correlation between language, culture and thought. The cross-cultural
differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than
categorical.

（3） Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests
that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different
languages may probably express their unique ways of understanding the world.
Following his argument, two important points could be captured in this theory.
On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns. On the other, similarity
between languages is relative. For two different speech communities, the
greater their structural differentiations are, the more diverse their
conceptualization of the world will be.

（4） Recent development in
linguistics not only brings more vitality to linguistic science but also calls
for more eclecticism in its theorizing. Following this line of argument, it
seems still premature to completely reject the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

【答题思路】本题考查萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。首先解释该假说的含义，然后分别从该假说的两个版本：强势版本和弱势版本两个角度进行阐释。

2 What is cooperative principle? Please
clarify with proper examples. （15%）

【答案】

（1） Quite often a speaker can mean
much more than what is said and the hearer can understand the speaker’s
meaning. Oxford philosopher H. P. Grice believes that there must be some
mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of these utterances. He
argues that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation.
This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. He formulates the principle
and its maxims as follows: “Make your conversational contribution such as is
required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction
of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

（2） There are four maxims under
this general principle: the maxim of quantity, quality, relation and manner.
But the use of terms “principle” and “maxim” does not mean that everybody will
follow the CP and its maxims all the time. People do violate the maxims and
tell lies. And the violations of such maxims have given rise to the
Conversational Implicature. The following provides different circumstances of
the violation of cooperative principle and its maxims. ①Violation of the Maxim of
Quantity: —When is
Susan’s birthday party? —Sometime next week. —We’ll all miss Bill and Jane, won’t we? —Well, we’ll all miss Bill. [We
didn’t miss Jane.]; ②Violation of the Maxim of Quality: （tell lies; rhetoric device） e.g. He is made of iron. （Metaphor） [He has some properties
similar to those of iron.]; ③Violation of the Maxim of Relation: —How do you like my painting? —I’m afraid I don’t have an eye
for beauty. [I don’t like it at all.] —What do you think of the party? —I thought the party we had was too big. [The party
was dull or boring.]; ④Violation of the Maxim of Manner: —Where is your mother? —She’s either in her room or at
the market. [I don’t know exactly where she is.].

【答题思路】本题考查合作原则。首先解释合作原则的含义及内容，然后引出会话含义，并结合具体的例子分析合作原则及会话含义。

3 What are MT and TM in computational
linguistics? Do you think MT tools will eventually replace human translators?
Why? （20%）

【答案】

（1） Machine translation refers to
the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another. MT can be
divided into two types: Unassisted MT and Assisted MT. Unassisted MT takes
pieces of text and translates them into output for immediate use with no human
involvement. Assisted MT uses a human translator to clean up after, and
sometimes before, translation in order to get better quality outcomes. Usually
the process is improved by limiting the vocabulary through the use of a
dictionary and the types of sentences grammar allowed.

（2） Translation memories （TMs） are databases that store
source sentences and their translations as segment pairs. The TM “remembers”
each segment that is translated, and stores the source /target segment pairs in
the TM database as translation units （TUs）. If
an identical or a similar segment comes up later, it does not need to be
translated from scratch. Instead, the translation can be easily retrieved from
the TM database.

（3） In my opinion, MT tools won’t
eventually replace human translators. It is undeniable that there are still
faults in all present actual translations produced. One can still find those
errors that no human translators would ever commit, such as wrong pronouns,
wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead
of singulars, etc. Translation is not an operation that preserves meaning. So
it is apparent that MT and human translation can and will co-exist in harmony.
When translation has to be of “publishable” quality, both human translation and
MT have their roles. For the translation of texts where the quality of output is
much less important, machine translation is often an ideal solution. For the
one-to-one interchange of information, probably always need a human translator.
As for spoken language translation, there must surely always be a market for
the human translator.

【答题思路】本题考查计算机语言学中的机器翻译和翻译记忆的相关知识。分别解释两个概念的含义，然后从机器翻译存在的问题以及人工翻译二者的利弊来分析机器翻译的发展前景。

Part Two （Literature）

Section A:  Short
Answer Questions

1 What is Symbolism? （10%）

【答案】When used as a literary device, symbolism means to imbue objects
with a certain meaning that is different from their original meaning or
function. Other literary devices, such as metaphor, allegory, and allusion, aid
in the development of symbolism. Authors use symbolism to tie certain things
that may initially seem unimportant to more universal themes. The symbols then
represent these grander ideas or qualities. For instance, an author may use a
particular color that on its own is nothing more than a color, but hints at a
deeper meaning. Symbolism has played a large role in the history of literature.
Symbols have been used in cultures all around the world, evident in ancient
legends, fables, and religious texts.

2 What is Sonnet? （10%）

【答案】A sonnet is a poetic form that has fourteen lines. It originated in
Italy in the thirteenth century, and though it has generally kept some of the
original rules, such as the number of lines and having a specific rhyme scheme
and meter, the conventions of sonnets have changed over the centuries to some
degree. There are two primary branches of the sonnet form—the Italian or
Petrarchan sonnet and the English or Shakespearean sonnet. Though the
definition of sonnet states that the poem must have fourteen lines, there are a
few variations with this form. All sonnets, whether Italian or English,
generally are written in iambic pentameter.

3 What is Local Colorism? （10%）

【答案】Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism.
Generally, the works by local colorism are concerned with the life of a small
region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific
setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, or
other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence. Tasks
of local colorism is to write or present local characters of their regions in
truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the
world. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting
the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but
they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Their
truthful depiction of the common people in their commonplace lives added
strength to the fight for realism.

4 What is Lost Generation? （10%）

【答案】Lost Generation is a literature school original in American in the
twentieth century. Lost Generation refers to the generation after the World War
Ⅰ. Meanwhile, it also refers to the young writers who lived as expatriates in
Western Europe for a short time. The Lost Generation’s writers held many common
points. At first, all of them were weary of the imperialistic wars but could
not find the way out. Expatriation was another common point. Many young writers
had an experience living in the European countries, especially in Paris.
Although the government pronounced “recovering the atmosphere before the war”,
war had left deep hurt in people’s heart. Therefore, the writers’ self-exile
became the way escaping from the reality.

5 What is Sentimentalism? （10%）

【答案】Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature
of the middle and later decades of the 18th centre. Along with a new vision of
love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling
over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of “pity,
tenderness, and benevolence” over social duties. Literary work of the
sentimentalism marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken,
expropriated peasants wrote the simple annals of the poor. Writers of
sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and
the gross social injustice brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.

Section B:  Essay
Questions

1 Analyze the Hemingway Heroes and his
unique narrative style. （20%）

【答案】

（1） The true Hemingway Heroes
controlled his actions and did not lose “grace under pressure” in the guidance
of the code including honor, courage and endurance, etc.

（2） As a Hemingway heroic code, he
must be self-disciplined and refuses to be emotional about an event. He was a
man of action. He thought talking was emotionalism, and it was the act itself
that was more important than the concept or the idea of the act. Thus a man
should perform something without talking about it later. If you talk about the
act too much you lose the importance it is the act itself. The Hemingway heroic
code was also a person of some degree of skill. We know that Jake Barnes is a
highly competent journalist and that Frederick Henry has been a good architect.
We also know that Robert Jordan is an excellent teacher of Spanish and when he
comes to the war and blows up a bridge, he can also “work fast and skillfully
as a surgeon works”. The heroic code of bullfighters, hunter’s boxers and
fishermen are all master ones. They insist on technical precision.

（3） In conclusion, the Hemingway
heroic code was a man in control of the situation. He would not talk about his
concepts. He possessed some skill and was highly competent at it. He felt loyal
to a small group because he cannot accept things abstract. He expresses himself
not in words but in actions. He was not a thinker, but a man of action.

（4） Hemingway’s writing style owes
much to his career as a journalist. His use of language—so different from that
of, say, his contemporary William Faulkner—is immediately identifiable by most
readers. Short words, straightforward sentence structures, vivid descriptions,
and factual details combine to create an almost transparent medium for his
engaging and realistic stories. Yet without calling attention to itself, the
language also resonates with complex emotions and larger and larger
meanings—displaying the writer’s skill in his use of such subtle techniques as
sophisticated patterns; repeated images, allusions, and themes; repeated
sounds, rhythms, words, and sentence structures; indirect revelation of
historical fact; and blended narrative modes. His works are featured as
economical use of dialogue and physical description to expose the inner lives
of the characters. The charm of Hemingway’s narration lies in his expertise in
controlling both the skills of dialogue and stream-of-consciousness under the
principle of the iceberg theory on the canvas of the laconic narrative.

【答题思路】本题考查海明威作品的人物特点和叙述特色。分别阐述海明威式的英雄的特点，可以结合其作品中的典型人物进行阐释，然后利用冰山理论来分析海明威的叙述风格。

2 Identify the following quoted lines and
give your literary criticism. （20%）

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth:

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,

Because it was grassy and wanted wear:

Though as far that the passing there

Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way,

I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Questions:

1） What is the title of the poem?

2） Who is the author of this poem?

3） Make a brief comment on it.

【答案】

1） The title of this poem is “The Road Not Taken”.

2）
The author of this poem is Robert Frost.

3）
①“The Road Not Taken”
consists of four stanzas of five lines. The rhyme scheme is ABAAB; the rhymes
are strict and masculine, with the notable exception of the last line. There
are four stressed syllables per line, varying on an iambic tetrameter base.

②The
speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road. Both ways are
equally worn and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves. The speaker chooses
one, telling himself that he will take the other another day. Yet he knows it
is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. And he admits that
someday in the future he will recreate the scene with a slight twist: He will
claim that he took the less-traveled road.

③One of
the attractions of the poem is its archetypal dilemma, one that we instantly
recognize because each of us encounters it innumerable times, both literally
and figuratively. Paths in the woods and forks in roads are ancient and deep-seated
metaphors for the lifeline, its crises and decisions. Identical forks, in
particular, symbolize for us the nexus of free will and fate: We are free to
choose, but we do not really know beforehand what we are choosing between. Our
route is, thus, determined by an accretion of choice and chance, and it is
impossible to separate the two.

④According
to the author, everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map
of their continuous journey. There is never a straight path but a sole
direction in which to head. It is one’s past, present and the attitude with
which he looks upon his future that determines the shade of the light.

⑤In any
case, however, this poem clearly explained Frost’s belief that it is the road
that one chooses that makes him the man who he is. It is always difficult to
make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity
cost, what will be missed out on. It is impossible to travel down every path.
The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life.
As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it
surpasses his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead. It is the
way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he
is going.

【答题思路】本题考查弗罗斯特的诗歌《未选择的路》。分别从诗歌的韵律，节奏，内容，主题和写作特色等角度进行赏析。

3 Identify the following quoted lines and
give your literary criticism. （20%）

The apparition of these faces in the crowd:

Petals on a wet, black bough.

Questions:

1） Who is the author of this short poem?

2） What is the title of the poem?

3） What two images are juxtaposed, or placed next to each other in
this poem?

4） How do you appreciate this poem?

【答案】

1） The author of this poem is Ezra Pound.

2） The title of this poem is “In a Station of the Metro”.

3） In the poem, “the apparition of the faces” and “petals” are
juxtaposed to each other.

4）
①“In a Station of the
Metro” is a classical work of imagistic poetry. The use of image in this poem
is unique among the imagistic poems. This imagist poem reflects the
relationship between reality and imagery. The poem has only two lines with
fourteen words, but it creates four different frames by using four concrete and
direct images: “faces”, “crowd”, “petals” and “bough”. The poem shows that in
the busy and constrained city life, the natural beauty is so transient and weak
that it is easy to miss.

②Pound
sketches the frame with distinctive images just through these four words. Thus
he cancels those words, which have no relation with images, and expresses the
theme with images directly. In this way the meaning of the extant fourteen
words is enriched, therefore the capacity of the poem goes beyond the content
that these fourteen words express, which widens readers’ imaginative space. For
example, the word “black” may refer to black train, black metro and black
pillar; even refers to the dim light in the station of the metro and hazy state
of the crowd.

③The
symbol meanings of the four images in the poem are obvious. The dominant image
“petals” refers to these beautiful faces. “Bough” stands for the station of the
metro or the crowd in the metro, while “a station of the metro” compares to
boisterous industry city.

④Poetry
is a kind of literary style to express poets’ personal emotion. However, the
emotion does not equal to the poem, there is a process of images creation
between the emotion and the poem. Therefore, the creation of poem cannot stray
from image, and the structure of image is important to the creation. There are
many kinds of imagist structure, among which imagist separation, imagist
juxtaposition and imagist superimposition are commonly used in this poem to
express the poet’s feelings.

【答题思路】本题考查庞德的诗歌《在一个地铁车站》的赏析。庞德作为意象派诗歌的代表人物，这首诗歌是其代表作，通过对意象的刻画，短短两行诗意味隽永。

4 Appreciate the difference and similarity
of the female characters in Jane Austen’s and Charlotte Bronte’s novels. （20%）

【答案】

（1） Jane Austen and Charlotte
Bronte are both the greatest and most important female writers in the history
of English literature. Though Charlotte Bronte came from a large family of
Irish origin, belonged to the writers of the Victorian Period English
literature, Jane Austen who belongs to writers of the Romantic period English
literature, their female characters have some surprising similarities.

（2） Their predominant theme both
deal with the romantic entanglements of their strongly characterized heroines.
Both heroines play an active role in pursuit of true love. Both behave bravely
in the conflicts with the hypocrisy society. Take Elizabeth Bennet from Pride
and Prejudice and Jane Eyre from Jane Eyre for example, Elizabeth
Bennet, beautiful and intelligent, a daughter of a clergyman, who is clear what
is rational and what is absurd from the beginning to the end. Her living
surroundings are full of snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and cruelty, but she
dare fight against the conventional routine and be active in pursuit of her
true love. Jane Eyre, poor, plain and little, but is independent and passionate
to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. And even brave enough
to declare her love for man. Especially at that time, the English upper-class,
society is full of strict orthodoxy by which women were discriminated.

（3） However, there are obviously
some differences between the female characters of these two writers. Jane
Austen is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women
in love. Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels
in which female characters are always playing an active part, as we can see
from Elizabeth. It concerns some social contention and virtue, but mostly, pays
much attention to characterization and detailed descriptions about the plot.
Thus, her novels are most about female in love. According to Charlotte’s
predominant respective work, Jane Eyre, we see it is noted for its sharp
criticism of the existing society. For example, the religious hypocrisy of the
charity organization such as Lowood school where Jane Eyre and other poor girls
are trained, to be humble slaves. Also the social discrimination, that Jane
first experienced at her aunt’s house. Later as a governess at Thorn field.
While she was marrying Mr. Rochester, there is a false social convention that
Jane doesn’t match Mr. Rochester in many aspects. In fact, Jane Eyre is an
intense moral fable. Thus her female characters are seen in a bigger and more
serious social context. That is the root of the differences between their
female characters.

【答题思路】本题考查英国两位女作家在其女性角色的塑造上存在的异同点。首先以社会背景为基础，分析她们的作品中女性角色的相同点。然后从二者小说主题的角度阐释小说人物存在差异的根源。

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