北京科技大学618基础英语考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 北京科技大学外国语学院《618基础英语》历年考研真题

2. 全国名校基础英语考研真题

考研指导书

1. 2026年考研基础英语专用教材

2. 2026年基础英语考研题库

北京科技大学外国语学院《618基础英语》历年考研真题AI讲解

书籍目录

部分内容

2004年北京科技大学318基础英语考研真题及详解

Part Ⅰ Vocabulary （25
minutes, 25 points）

Section A

Directions: There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each
sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best
completes the sentence.

1 We had no computer backup and had to
rely on old paper files to _____ the records we lost.

A. remedy

B. recondition

C. reconstruct

D. register

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我们没有电脑备份，只得靠落后的纸档案重做记录。reconstruct（根据证据或想象）重现，重建。remedy治疗，补救，矫正。recondition修理，修复。register登记，注册。

2 The accident happened as a result of
years of _____ on the part of the safety regulators.

A. indifference

B. incuriosity

C. consistence

D. loneliness

【答案】A

【解析】句意：事故的发生是安全调节器年久失修的结果。indifference不关心，不在意。incuriosity不关心，强调缺乏理性的探询和本能的好奇心，常与of连用。consistence坚固性；连贯。loneliness孤独，寂寞。

3 Mr. Hill is a pianist who is able to _____
the difficult passage work in the sonata with ease and brilliance.

A. implement

B. conduct

C. accomplish

D. accommodate

【答案】C

【解析】句意：希尔先生是一位钢琴家，他能够轻松自如地完成奏鸣曲中很难演奏的部分。accomplish完成，达到，实现。implement贯彻，执行。conduct引导，管理，指挥。accommodate使适应，调节，容纳。

4 We had a lot of good applicants for the
job, but Thomas Taylor _____ from the rest by having a degree in marketing.

A. singled out

B. checked out

C. stood apart

D. stood out

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我们有很多优秀的求职者，但托马斯·泰勒拥有市场营销方面的学位，因此脱颖而出。stand out突出，出色。single out挑选。check out付账后离开；检验；合格。stand apart离开；远离。

5 Total investments for this year reached $ 56 million, and to put
this into _____, investments this year will double those made in 1997.

A. sight

B. perspective

C. vision

D. horizon

【答案】B

【解析】句意：今年的总投资达到了5600万美元，并且客观地来说，今年的投资将是1997年的两倍。put sth. into perspective客观地看待……；对……展望。

6 Looking after a baby at home all day is
nice but it doesn’t provide much _____ stimulation.

A. intellectual

B. rational

C. discerning

D. perspective

【答案】A

【解析】句意：整天在家照看婴儿是件好事，但它并不能激发太多智力。intellectual
stimulation智力激发。rational理性的，合理的。discerning有辨识能力的。perspective远景；观点。

7 Mr. MaCrea advances a theory to _____ some of the difficulties
connected with the process of the aggregation of matter in the universe.

A. exemplify

B. explain away

C. reason out

D. explore

【答案】C

【解析】句意：MaCrea先生提出的理论把宇宙中与物质的集合过程相关的一些难点弄明白了。reason
out弄明白，推论出。exemplify示范，举例。explain away（把过失、怀疑等）搪塞，巧辩过去。explore探索，研究。

8 Alex has bad troubles studying for the final examination because
he has been too _____ with the happy thoughts of matter of his winter vacation.

A. preoccupied

B. absorbed

C. engrossed

D. concentrated

【答案】A

【解析】句意：亚历克斯期末考试复习不进去，因为他对寒假计划太上心了。preoccupied全神贯注的，常与介词with连用。absorbed全神贯注的，一心一意的，常与介词in连用。engrossed全神贯注的，热心于，常与介词in连用。concentrated集中的，常与介词on连用。

9 Anxiety was shown to increase_____ with
the decrease in success rate.

A. reversibly

B.
systematically

C. deliberately

D.
proportionately

【答案】D

【解析】句意：忧虑的增加能相应地降低成功的几率。proportionately相称地，成比例地。reversibly可逆地。systematically系统地。deliberately故意地。

10 John doesn’t understand true friendship; he never does anything
for anyone unless he thinks the other person will_____.

A. reciprocate

B. emerge

C. dissipate

D. yield

【答案】A

【解析】句意：约翰不懂得什么是真正的友谊；他从不为任何人做任何事，除非他认为别人会报答他。reciprocate互给，报答。emerge显现，浮现。dissipate驱散，消散。yield生产，产出，屈服。

Section B

Directions: Fill in each of the blanks with one of the two words given in
the brackets at the end of each sentence.

11 On the basis of recent opinion polls, commentators are _____ a
narrow win for the Democrats. （forecasting /foreseeing）

【答案】forecasting

【解析】句意：在最近的民意调查的基础上，评论家们预测民主党将会获得险胜。两个词都有“预言，预测”的意思：forecast指通过分析一些相关的信息、数据来预测。foresee着重宣布未来的事，而不表明所预言的事情是否正确。这里预测的是选举结果，forecast更加合适。

12 Thompson _____ under questioning that he was in the service of a
foreign power, but denied that he was guilty of espionage. （acknowledged /admitted）

【答案】acknowledged

【解析】句意：汤普森在接受质询时承认，他是在为外国势力服务，但他否认自己犯有间谍罪。acknowledge指“公开承认”，常用于过去隐瞒或否认之事。admit通常指因外界压力、良心或判断而承认某事的存在或真实性，含“不情愿”之意。这里指在受盘问的情况下承认事情，acknowledge更加合适。

13 After the president resigned, the vice
president was the _____ head of the firm. （real /virtual）

【答案】virtual

【解析】句意：总统辞职后，副总裁是公司的实际负责人。virtual意为“实质上的，实际上的”。real强调人或事物真实的存在，而不是想象的或虚构的。

14 That was the famous speech in which the president _____ that
slavery was done away with nationwide. （proclaimed /exclaimed）

【答案】proclaimed

【解析】句意：那就是那场著名的演讲，在演讲中总统宣称奴隶制在全国范围内被废除了。proclaim宣布，声明。exclaim呼喊，惊叫。

15 The book by Professor Robinson has _____ an awakening of the
nation’s conscience to the problems of wildlife conservation. （completed /achieved）

【答案】achieved

【解析】句意：罗宾逊教授的这本书使全国人民意识到了野生动物保护问题。achieve指经过努力最终达到预期的目标。complete指全部完成。

16 Mr. Harrison says it’s the best musical equipment you can buy
but I think that’s open to _____. （contradiction /dispute）

【答案】dispute

【解析】句意：哈里森先生说，这是你能买到的最好的音乐设备，但我认为这是有争议的。be open to dispute有待于商榷；有争议。contradiction反驳，矛盾。

17 It was _____ that she was at the scene of the crime, but she
asserted that she was out of town at the time. （affirmed /alleged）

【答案】alleged

【解析】句意：据说，她当时在犯罪现场，但她坚称自己当时不在城里。。allege多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。It was
alleged that…据说……。affirm侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度

18 In view of the current situations, I would be grateful if you
would give _____ to the following problems. （speculation /consideration）

【答案】consideration

【解析】句意：鉴于目前的情况，如果你考虑一下以下问题，我将不胜感激。give
one’s consideration to慎重考虑……。speculation猜测，投机。

19 While the press has gone a long way to proving that Bofors
handled out millions of dollars to Indian middlemen, the _____ of the ultimate
recipients of the money remains a mystery. （identification /identity）

【答案】identity

【解析】句意：尽管媒体经过努力证实了Bofors向印度中间商运作了数以百万计的美元，但是最终收款人的身份仍然是个谜。identity身份；同一性，一致。identification辨认，鉴定，证明。

20 Despite general neglect of the country’ _____, restoration is a
popular topic for debate, perhaps as compensation for the lack of action. （inheritance /heritage）

【答案】heritage

【解析】句意：尽管人们普遍忽视了这个国家的遗产，但修复是一个很受欢迎的话题，可能是对缺乏行动的补偿。两者都有“遗产”的意思：heritage尤指国家或社会长期形成的文化遗产。inheritance指金钱、财产等继承物。根据句意，heritage更符合语境。

Section C

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of
the words given in the brackets

21 Whether outer space can be the new home for earth immigrants was
a matter of serious _____ （speculate） long before man’s first landing on the moon.

【答案】speculation

【解析】句意：在人类首次登上月球之前，外太空是否能成为地球移民的新家园只是一个猜测。空格前为形容词，因此可推测出空格处应填一个名词。speculate的名词形式为speculation，意为“投机；思索”。

22 The dome of St. Paul’s had a peculiar
_____ （fascinate） for many people around the
world.

【答案】fascination

【解析】句意：圣保罗的穹顶对世界上许多人来说都是一种特殊的魅力。空格前为形容词，因此可推测出空格处应填一个名词。fascinate的名词形式为fascination，意为“魅力；魔力；入迷”。

23 The formation of rain is a complicated procedure, one that _____
（involvement） the slow growth of cloud
droplets into raindrops and the collision of these raindrops with each other.

【答案】involves

【解析】句意：雨的形成是一个复杂的过程，其中包括云滴的缓慢增长，以及雨滴之间的碰撞。that引导定语从句，空格处应该是从句的谓语动词，主语为单数，根据句子时态可知应该填involves。

24 Agriculture was a step in human progress to winch subsequently
there was nothing _____ （compare）
until our own machine age.

【答案】to compare

【解析】句意：农业是人类进步的一步，后来，在我们到达机器时代之前，没有什么是可以与之比较的。nothing to do没什么可干。动词不定式可以看作是一个后置定语，修饰nothing。

25 The reviewer describes it as “an intelligent,
_____ （insight） book that reveals the truth
behind the Presidency”.

【答案】insightful

【解析】句意：评论家认为这本书是一本智慧而深刻的书，揭示了总统职位背后的真相。根据空格前的形容词intelligent以及空格后的名词book可知空格处也应该填一个形容词修饰book。insight的形容词形式为insightful，意为“有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的”。

26 Television _____ （trivial） almost everything it touches
and makes us less sensitive to human tragedy and suffering.

【答案】trivializes

【解析】句意：电视把它接触到的几乎所有东西都平凡化了，使我们对人类的悲剧和苦难变得不那么敏感。通过分析句子结构可知句子缺少谓语动词，主语是television，单数概念；且句子主语为一般现在时，所以空格处应该填trivializes，意为“使平凡；使琐碎”。

27 The cost of living in the city is more
expensive but salaries are supposed to be _____ （correspond） higher.

【答案】correspondingly

【解析】句意：住在城市里的生活成本要高得多，但工资也应该相应地更高。空格后为形容词，由此可推测出空格处应该是副词，correspond的副词形式为correspondingly，意为“相应地，相对地”。

28 Psychologists have been studying _____ （perceive） in rats in an attempt to
discover more about human mental processes connected with sight.

【答案】perception

【解析】句意：心理学家们一直在研究老鼠的感知能力，试图发现更多有关人类心理过程中与视觉有关的信息。空格前为动词study，其后可填名词、代词或动词做宾语；空格后有介词短语做限定成分，所以推测出空格处应该填名词perception，意为“感知（能力），觉察”。

29 The fuel used is almost _____ （vary） charcoal made from wood or
coconut shell.

【答案】varied in

【解析】句意：使用的燃料几乎在由木头或椰子壳制成的木炭中变化。be
varied in意为“在……之间变化”。

30 The side effects of the new drug are
being _____ （extend） researched.

【答案】extensively

【解析】句意：新药物的副作用正在被广泛研究。谓语动词前应该用副词修饰，extend的副词形式为extensively，意为“广泛地；大量地”。

Part Ⅱ Cloze （20
minutes, 20 points）

Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word to
make the passage unified and coherent.

Water is one of
the most common substances in our life and work. We drink it, 1______ electricity
with it, 2______ our crops with it. And we’re stretching our supplies to the
breaking 3______. Will we have enough clean water to 4______ all the world’s
needs? History has 5______ witness to the fact that human civilization is
always entwined 6______ man’s history to manipulate water resources. 7______ the
elaborate systems for water supply and drainage, there would not have been the
ancient Roman civilization. 8______, without the unprecedented construction of
numerous monumental engineering projects, the industrial revolution would not
have 9______ so much.

Our significant
progress cannot 10______ the hard fact that half of the world’s population
still 11______ with poorer water services than the ancient Greeks and Romans.
To 12______ this situation, many governments have designed networks of canals,
dams and reservoirs, with the damaging 13______ that they gain little but lose
more. A clear indication is the severely damaged ecosystems in and around the
dams 14______ many valuable fish species becoming 15______, not to 16______ the
forced move of people from their homes with little warning 17______ compensation.
Fortunately the wind has turned 18______. The public outcry 19______ stimulated
many governments to rethink their plan for the costly 20______ of dams and
other water-related civil engineering projects.

【答案与解析】

1 generate

（generate electricity意为“发电”，为固定表达。）

2 irrigate

（根据crops可知应该填irrigate，表示“灌溉庄稼”。）

3 point

（breaking point转换点；断裂点；强度极限。句意为水资源供给将近达到断点。）

4 meet

（meet the need of满足……的需要，为固定搭配。）

5 been

（has为助动词，空格处应填一个过去分词；空格后为名词，所以可以填been；表示“历史是见证人”。）

6 with

（be entwined with与……密切相关，为固定搭配。句意为历史见证了人类文明总是与人类历史紧密地联系在一起，以操纵水资源。）

7 Without

（根据后文的虚拟语气结构可知此处应该填without，表示“如果没有复杂的供水系统和排水系统的话，就不会有古罗马文明”。）

8 Moreover

（上文说到“如果没有复杂的供水系统和排水系统，就不会有古罗马文明”，空格处又提到如果没有大量工程项目的建设会怎么样，由此可知句子间存在递进关系，所以应填moreover，意为“另外；而且”。）

9 achieved

（根据下文出现的progress可知此处说的也是一些进步和成就，所以空格处填achieved。句意为如果没有史无前例的大量工程项目的建设，工业革命就不会取得如此巨大的成就。）

10 hide

（hide掩藏；掩盖。这里指的是“不能掩盖一个不争的事实”。）

11 do

（do with勉强凑合着用，为固定搭配。句意为我们的重大进步也不能掩盖一个不争的事实，那就是世界上仍有一半的人口使用着比希腊和罗马时期都要差的水服务系统。）

12 change

（下文提到“许多政府设计了运河、水坝和水库的网络”，这样做的目的是为了改变之前水利用设施不完善的情况，所以应该填change。）

13 result

（that引导同位语从句与空格处句子表达相同意思，所以应该填result，表示“有害的结果”。）

14 bring

（根据becoming一词的形式可知应该填bring。bring sb. /sth. doing sth.意为“导致/引起某人或某事……，为固定搭配。）

15 endangered

（这里表达的意思为堤坝旁边生态系统的破坏使得一些珍贵的鱼类濒临灭绝。）

16 mention

（not to mention意为“更别提”，为固定搭配。）

17 and

（空格前后都为名词，中间缺少连接词，所以应填and；表达的意思为人们被迫搬家，都没有提前收到警告和赔偿。）

18 better

（turn better意为“发生好转”。句意为风向发生好转。言下之意就是情况发生了好转。）

19 has

（通过分析句子结构可知空格处应该填入一个助动词，句子时态应该是现在完成时，所以助动词用has。）

20 design

（句意为公众的强烈抗议刺激了许多政府重新考虑水坝和其他与水有关的土建工程的代价高昂的设计计划。design plan设计计划。）

Part Ⅲ Reading
Comprehension （50 minutes, 40 points）

Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Read each passage carefully
and finish the exercises following each passage as you are required.

Passage
One

The discovery of
the white dwarf, the neutron star, and the black hole, coming well after the
discovery of the red giant, are among the most exciting developments in decades
because they may well present physicists with their greatest challenge since
the failure of classical mechanics. In the life cycle of a star, after all of
the hydrogen and helium fuel has been burned, the delicate balance between the
outward nuclear radiation pressure and the stable gravitational force becomes
disturbed and slow contraction begins. As compression increases, a very dense
plasma forms. If the initial star had a mass of less than 1.4 solar masses （1.4 times the mass of our sun）, the process ceases at a
density of 1,000 tons per cubic inch, and the star becomes a white dwarf.
However, if the star was originally more massive, the white dwarf plasma cannot
resist the gravitational pressures, and in a rapid collapse, all nuclei of the
star are converted to a gas of free neutrons. Gravitational attraction
compresses this neutron gas rapidly until a density of 10⁹ tons per
cubic inch is reached; at this point the strong nuclear force resists further
contraction. If the mass of the star was between 1.4 and a few solar masses,
the process stops here, and we have a neutron star.

But if the
original star was more massive than a few solar masses, even the strong nuclear
forces cannot resist the gravitational crunch. The neutrons are forced into one
another to form heavier hadrons—and these in turn coalesce to form heavier
entities, of which we as yet know nothing. At this point, a complete collapse
of the stellar mass occurs; existing theories predict a collapse to infinite
density and infinitely small dimensions. Well before tiffs, however, the
surface gravitational force would become so strong that no signal could ever
leave the star—any photon emitted would fall back under gravitational
attraction—and the star would become a black hole in space.

This
gravitational collapse poses a fundamental challenge to physics. When the most
widely accepted theories predict such improbable things in infinite density and
infinitely small dimensions, it simply means that we are missing some vital
insight. This last happened in physics in the 1930s, when we faced a
fundamental paradox concerning atomic structure. At that time, it was
recognized that electrons moved in stable orbits about nuclei in atoms.
However, it was also recognized that if a charge is accelerated, as it must be
to remain in orbit, it radiates energy; so theoretically, the electron would be
expected eventually to spiral into the nucleus and destroy the atom. Studies
centered around this paradox led to the development of quantum mechanics. It
may well be that an equivalent advance awaits us in investigating the
theoretical problems presented by the phenomenon of gravitational collapse.

Choose the best
answer from the four choices given according to the passage you have just read.

1 The primary purpose of this passage is
to _____.

A. offer new
explanations for the collapse of stars

B. explain the
origins of black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs

C. compare the
structure of atoms with the structure of the solar system

D. explain how
the collapse of stars challenges accepted theories of physics

2 According to the passage, in the final
stages of its development, our own sun is likely to take the form of a _____.

A. white dwarf

B. neuron star

C. red giant

D. gas of free
neutrons

3 According to the passage an imbalance arises between nuclear
radiation pressure and gravitational force in stars because _____.

A. the density
of a star increases as it ages

B. radiation
pressure increases as a star increases in mass

C. radiation
pressure decreases when a star’s fuel has been consumed

D. the collapse
of a star increases its gravitational force

4 The author asserts that the discoveries of the white dwarf, the
neutron star, and the black hole are significant because these discoveries _____.

A. demonstrate
the probability of infinite density and infinitely small dimensions

B. pose the most
comprehensive and fundamental problem faced by physicists in decades

C. clarify the
paradox suggested by the collapse of electrons into atomic nuclei

D. establish the
relationship between mass and gravitational pressure

5 Paradox concerning atomic structure is
discussed in order to _____.

A. show why it
was necessary to develop quantum mechanics

B. compare the
structure of an atom with the structure of a star

C. demonstrate
by analogy that a vital insight in astrophysics is missing

D. illustrate
the contention that improbable things do happen in astrophysics

【答案与解析】

1D  文章首段第一句提到“在发现了红巨星之后，发现了白矮星、中子星和黑洞，这是几十年来最令人兴奋的进展之一，因为它们很可能给物理学家带来了自古典力学失败以来最大的挑战”，文章最后一段第一句也提到“This gravitational collapse poses a fundamental challenge to
physics.”，这种引力坍塌对物理学构成了根本性的挑战。文章主要围绕恒星的坍塌的机理展开描写，详细介绍了这种坍塌对物理学带来的挑战。故选项D最能总结文章大意。

2A  文章首段第二、三、四、五句的大意是：在一颗恒星的生命周期中，氢和氦燃料全部燃烧后，外部核辐射压力和稳定的重力之间的微妙平衡变得紊乱，缓慢收缩开始。随着压缩的增加，恒星形成非常致密的等离子体。如果最初的恒星质量小于太阳质量的1.4倍，那么这个过程将停留在每立方英寸1000吨的密度，恒星就变成白矮星。然而，如果这颗恒星本来就是更大的，那么白矮星等离子体就不能抵抗重力的压力，而且在快速崩溃的过程中，恒星的所有原子核都会转化为自由中子的气体。由此可知比太阳质量约大1.4倍的恒星最后会变成白矮星，更大的恒星则会变为气体，所以太阳最后也应该是变成白矮星。故答案选A。

3C  文章首段第二句提到“…after all of the hydrogen and helium fuel has been burned, the
delicate balance between the outward nuclear radiation pressure and the stable
gravitational force becomes disturbed and slow contraction begins”，在氢和氦燃料全部燃烧之后，外部核辐射压力和稳定的重力之间的微妙平衡变得紊乱，开始缓慢收缩。由此可知燃料耗尽后，外部核辐射压力会缩小。故答案选C。

4B  根据文章首段第一句提到的“白矮星、中子星和黑洞的发现是几十年来最令人兴奋的进展之一，因为它们很可能给物理学家带来了自古典力学失败以来最大的挑战”以及文章最后一句提到的“很可能，我们研究引力崩溃现象所提出的理论问题会得到相同的进展”。由此可知这些发现给物理学界、物理学家带来了很大挑战，给他们提出了一些很关键的问题。故答案选B。

5C  文章最后一段第二句提到“When the most widely accepted theories predict such improbable
things in infinite density and infinitely small dimensions, it simply means
that we are missing some vital insight.”，当最广为接受的理论预测了无限密度和无限小尺寸的这种不可思议的事物时，这仅仅意味着我们错过了一些重要的见解。而后文提到“This last happened in physics in the 1930s…”，最近一次发生在20世纪30年代，由此可知举这个例子就是为了说明“我们错过了一些重要的见解”。故答案选C。

Passage
Two

In May 1968,
with students rioting in the streets and Pads teetering on the brink of
anarchy, graphic news photos of bloodied demonstrators etched in the French
consciousness the social upheaval that was convulsing the nation. In 1976, when
a mild-mannered young fishing enthusiast was arrested for the child’s murder,
photographs of a manacled Patric Henry being taken into custody were splashed
across France’s front pages. But in the country that invented photography and
has long nurtured the art of photojournalism, indelible images like those of
the news events that shape a nation’s collective memory may soon be much harder
to come by.

Late last month,
as part of Justice Minister Elisabeth Guigou’s sweeping reform of the criminal
justice system, the French Parliament passed legislation designed to reinforce
the legal presumption of innocence until proof of guilt. The new law, which
takes effect next year, will prohibit the publication of two crucial categories
of photographs. Suspects who have not yet been convicted of a crime can no
longer be shown handcuffed, although shots that do not display the cuffs can
still be used.

More
controversially, photographs from crime scenes or accidents that are considered
to jeopardize the dignity of those depicted will also be banned. Where press
freedom impinges on personal dignity is a hazy legal line, which the new rules
draw firmly in favor of privacy. If a terrorist attack takes place in France
the French media will no longer be allowed to print photos of any of the
victims unless those individuals had each consented to the use of their
image—an unlikely scenario given the chaotic circumstances of such an event.

Guigou has said
that these enhanced privacy safeguards will show that France “remains the home
of human rights,” but critics argue that the new restrictions are symptoms of a
disturbing trend toward the over-privatization of public space. Under French
law, for example, everyone owns the copyright to his own image, and for the
past decade people have ever been more willing to go to court to claim whatever
benefits may accrue from this right.

Not all news
photos will be required a quid pro quo exchange of cash or a formal
release, however, even under the new law. Using highly subjective guidelines,
Guigou justifies the iconic Vietnam War image of 9-year-old Kim Phuc running
naked down a road, screaming in pain from napalm bums, as a historical
document, overriding concerns about intrusions of privacy or compromised
dignity. Some believed that this selectivity reflects a kind of hypocritical
colonialism. As the founder of photo agency puts it, “there is no reason to
forbid photographing misery close to home but not that at the other end of the
world.”

The full impact
of the “Guigou law” won’t be clear until it goes into effect, but some members
of the French media fear the worst. The growing preoccupation of French law
with the private rights of the individual means that many publications have
already stopped showing life in France as it is really lived. Some editors
prefer to avoid legal risks and instead choose posed images produced by
specialized agencies to illustrate everything from weddings to drug addiction.
“The law has killed any hope for photojournalism to survive in France “in its
most pertinent and glorious form,” says Derek Hudson, a British photographer
who lives in Paris and publishes his work in both France and the U.K. On
assignment for Le Monde in Cannes this year he shot only celebrities. Taking
candids of ordinary people in the street would have been far too risky.

The editor of
Paris Match has pledged to flout the law “in the name of the right to inform”
and promised to bring the matter before the European Court if the magazine is
prosecuted. Until then, editors are finding that much like the suspects whose
images they will have to censor, their hands are bound.

Answer the following
questions according to the passage you have just read.

6 What is the author mainly concerned with
in this passage?

7 Why does the author mention the 1968 and
1976 events in the passage?

8 Why does the new law place restrictions
on photos in newspapers and magazines?

9 What does the phrase “quid pro quo” mean
in paragraph 5?

10 What may be the author’s attitude
towards the new law?

【答案与解析】

6 A new law about press photography
requirement.

（本文主要讨论了法国新出台的关于新闻摄影要求的法律以及新闻媒体各界对这条法律的看法。）

7 Because these events prove that photos
are essential for the news to carry out its influence.

（作者举1968年1976年的事件是为了证明照片对于新闻的重要性，它可以让新闻更真实更具影响力。）

8 Because the law is in favor of privacy.

（文章第三段第二句提到“Where press freedom
impinges on personal dignity is a hazy legal line, which the new rules draw
firmly in favor of privacy.”，由此可知这条法律是为了保护人的隐私而限制在报纸和杂志上刊登人物照片。）

9 exchange of cash

（定位至原文第五段第一句话，意思是：然而，即使根据新的法律，并不是所有的新闻照片都需要等价的现金交换或正式发行。quid pro quo表示“补偿物；相等物；交换条件”，也就是指代句中的exchange of cash。）

10 Negative

（作者在第一段就举了两个例子证明照片对于新闻的重要性，而且在第一段最后一段也提到“但在这个发明了摄影、长期培育摄影艺术的国家，那些形成一个国家的集体记忆的新闻事件中的令人印象深刻的照片可能很难再看得到了。由此可知作者对新出台的法律是不赞同的。）

Passage
Three

（11） In
recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by
expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the
culture of the world. This conceit takes two forms.
One is the Coca-colonization thesis. Its proponents claim that Western, and
more specifically American, popular culture is enveloping the world: American
food, clothing, pop music, movies, and consumer goods are more and mere
enthusiastically embraced by people on every continent. The other has to do
with modernization. It claims not only that the West has led the world to
modern society, but that as people in other civilizations modernize they also
westernize, abandoning their traditional values, institutions, and customs and
adopting those that prevail in the West. Both theses project the image of an
emerging homogeneous, universally Western world—and both are to varying degrees
misguided, arrogant, false, and dangerous.

（12） Advocates
of the Coca-colonization thesis identify culture with the consumption of
material goods. The heart of a culture, however,
involves language, religion, values, traditions, and customs. Drinking
Coca-Cola does not make Russians think like Americans any more than sushi makes
Americans think like Japanese. Throughout human history, fads and material
goods have spread from one society to another without significantly altering
the basic culture of the recipient society. Enthusiasms for various items of
Chinese, Hindu, and other cultures have periodically swept the Western world,
with no discernible lasting spillover. The argument that the spread of pop
culture and consumer goods around the world represents the triumph of Western
civilization depreciates the strength of other cultures while trivializing
Western culture by identifying it with fatty foods, faded pants, and fizzy
drinks. The essence of Western culture is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac.

（13） The
modernization argument is intellectually more serious than the
Coca-colonization thesis, but equally flawed. The
tremendous expansion of scientific and engineering knowledge that occurred in
the nineteenth century allowed humans to control and shape their environment in
unprecedented ways. Modernization involves industrialization; urbanization;
increasing levels of literacy, education, wealth, and social mobilization; and
more complex and diverse occupational structures. R is a revolutionary process
comparable to the shift from primitive to civilized societies that began in the
valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, and the Indus about 5000 B.C.
The attitudes, values, knowledge, and culture of people in a modern society
differ greatly from those in a traditional society. As the first civilization
to modernize, the West is the first to have fully acquired the culture of
modernity. As other societies take on similar patterns of education, work,
wealth, and class structure, the modernization argument runs, this Western
culture will become the universal culture of the world.

That there are
significant differences between modern and traditional cultures is beyond
dispute. A world in which some societies are highly modern and others still
traditional will obviously be less homogeneous than a world in which all
societies are comparably modern. （14） It
does not necessarily follow, however, that societies with modern cultures
should be any more similar than are societies with traditional cultures. Only a few hundred years ago all societies were traditional. Was
that world any less homogeneous than a future world of universal modernity is
likely to be? Probably not. “Ming China…was assuredly closer to the France of
the Valois,” Fernand Braudel observers, “than the China of Mao Tse-tung is to
the France of the Fifth Republic.” Modern societies have much in common, but
they do not necessarily merge into homogeneity. （15） The argument that they do rests on the assumption that modern
society must approximate a single type, the Western type; that modern
civilization is Western civilization, and Western civilization is modern
civilization. This, however, is a false
identification. Virtually all scholars of civilization agree that Western
civilization emerged in the eighth and ninth centuries and developed its
distinctive characteristics in the centuries that followed. It did not begin to
modernize until the eighteenth century. The West, in short, was Western long
before it was modern.

Read the passage
again and paraphrase the underlined sentences in the passage in your own words
in English.

【答案与解析】

11 Recently, Westerners have regained their confidence by claiming
that the Western culture is and should be the culture of the world, which has
made other parts of the world angry.

（reassure意为“使安心；打消疑虑”。在句中可理解为“重获信心”。irrigate意为“激怒；惹怒”。）

12 Those who support the Coca-colonization
thesis believe culture is the same with the consumption of material goods.

（advocate意为“支持；倡导”。identify sth. with sth.表示“认为……等同于，与一致”。）

13 The modernization argument is more
intelligent than the Coca-colonization thesis, but it also has defects.

（intellectually more serious than可以理解为“比……更明智；更有智慧”。flaw意为“有缺陷；有裂缝”。）

14 However, we don’t need to pursue a society with modern cultures
to be more similar than the society with traditional cultures.

（句子表达的意思为我们不需要追求一个拥有现代文化的社会比传统文化社会更相似。）

15 Their argument is based on the assumption that modern society
must be close to a single type, the Western type; that modern civilization is
Western civilization, and Western civilization is modern civilization.

（rest on意为“以……为基础；基于”。approximate意为“大约；接近”。）

Part Ⅳ Translation
（40 minutes, 35 points）

Section A

Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese and
write them down on your ANSWER SHEET.

The greatest
achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors
to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of
knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this
knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call “civilization,”
including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms,
instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which
society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society, knowledge of all
kinds is continually increasing and aggregation of new information into the
corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of
ignorance about ourselves the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders
of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of
this assumption.

In the popular
view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than,
somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement
that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”—meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a
fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it
resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that
humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that
of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more and more knowledge, much
as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational
system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles
ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of
knowledge is essentially complete, at least in special fields, as if society
had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important
subjects.

【参考译文】

人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。这些知识的产物就是那些我们总称为“文化”的所有的东西，包括语言、科学、文学、艺术、所有的物质机器、仪器、我们所用的结构以及社会所依赖的物质基础设施。我们之中大多数人认为现代社会中各种知识在不断增长，与此同时社会或群体对新知识的积累也在稳步减少我们对人类自身、世界及宇宙的未知。然而，现有的无垠的未知领域在不断提示着我们需要批判性地分析这个设想。

普遍的观点认为，智力的演变与身体的发育相似，虽然要快上许多。生物的进化经常被描述为“个体的进化重演物种的进化”，意思就是个体的胚胎在其从受精卵发展到人类胎儿的过程中经历了几个阶段，在这些阶段中个体胚胎类似人类物种的祖先形式。普遍的观点认为人类从天真无邪的状态进步的，这个状态可以比作婴儿，然后逐渐的获得越来越多的知识，就像一个小孩通过学习通过了教育体系的几个年级一样。这种观点中暗含着一种臆断，那就是种系发育类似个体发育，知识的积累最终能达到一个基本完整的阶段，至少在特定的领域中是如此，就好像社会已获得了所有的高等学位，这些学位表明它已经掌握了各个重要学科的知识。

Section B

Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your
translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

学习前人已积累的知识，是为了有所突破，自然的奥秘不是几代人、乃至几十代人可以穷尽的。如果仅以拥有前人的知识而自豪，或者囿于旧的观念、旧的知识而同步自封，那么，这种知识的积累并没有重要的意义，也不是做学问的真正精神。因此，科学研究中最重要的就是创新。杨振宁说，中国人常讲的一句话是“初生牛犊不畏虎”，是因为传统的中国文化不提倡这种精神。然而，在科学研究中最活跃、能做出创造性贡献的往往都是“初生牛犊”。

【参考译文】

To learn the
knowledge accumulated by our predecessors is to create some breakthrough. The
profound mysteries of the nature can’t be by no means understood and uncovered
thoroughly by several generations or even scores of generations. If we are
proud of obtaining the forefathers’ knowledge or stand still and refuse to make
progress by cling to the old conceptions and old knowledge, then it won’t of
any significant meanings to accumulate this kind of knowledge, nor is it
genuine spirit of solid learning. Therefore, to be innovative is the most
important for the scientific research. Yang Zhenning said that Chinese people
often talks about “A day old pup does not fear tigers.” because traditional
Chinese culture does not advocate such spirit. The most active and creative
contributors to scientific research tend to be “day old pup”.

Part Ⅴ Writing （45
minutes, 30 points）

Directions: Write a passage of no less than 200 words based on the following
instruction.

With more and
more people becoming members of the World Wide Web, there is nowadays a debate
on the function of this technological miracle. Some people say it has greatly
enhanced human relationships by bringing people together across space and time.
Others, however, claim, that it destroys traditional human relationship because
traditional proximity（邻近，接近）is replaced by electrical proximity. What is your view? Write a
passage to support yourself.

【参考范文】

Internet Brings People Closer

As we all know,
the 21^st century is the time of the Internet. With the development
of the Internet, more and more people begin to use it to enjoy themselves or do
something special. One of the greatest benefits it brings to people is that it
has greatly enhanced human relationships by bringing people together across
space and time. However, some people claim, that it destroys traditional human
relationship because traditional proximity is replaced by electrical proximity.
In my view, I support the former statement.

In the first
place, the Internet brings us great convenience and efficiency. For example,
the Internet makes it convenient for friends and relatives to communicate with
each other. We can send e-mails to our friends in other countries in a few
minutes while sending a traditional letter takes us at least a week and costs
much, which saves much time and energy for us. In the second place, we can make
friends with people from all parts of the world. It overcomes the geographical
barriers and makes the world smaller. Besides, chatting on line is much cheaper
than a phone call especially you’re talking with someone who’re abroad.

The face-to-face
communication is of great importance, but communication through the Internet is
not a bad choice if we have no time or energy to go that far to visiting a
friend. You can see and know the current situation of the one you miss whenever
you want without the limitation of distance.

【范文点评】

题目要求对“网络是加强了人际关系还是使人疏远了”表达自己的看法。文章第一段先表明观点：网络加强了人们之间的联系；第二段则解释了原因：网络交流更加方便省时有效率；在网上可以交到更多朋友；网上交流比电话省钱；最后一段重申观点，进行总结。

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