考研真题
1. [电子书]北京科技大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题
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北京科技大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题AI讲解
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2011年北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2013年北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2014年北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
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2011年北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
PARTI GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY |60 min| (1×30=30 POINTS)
There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each
sentence there are four words or phrases marked А, В, C, D. Please choose the
correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the
answer sheet.
1 The day is
past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who _____
six years of instruction.
A. set about
B. run for
C. sit through
D. make for
【答案】C
【解析】句意：国家能够将高中文凭授予完成了六年指导的人的日子已经过去了。sit through一直到结束。set about 着手开始做……。run for 竞选。make for 导致。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2 Anderson held
out his arms to_____ the attack, but the shark grabbed his right forearm and
dived.
A. turn off
B. ward off
C. trigger off
D. call off
【答案】B
【解析】句意：安德森伸出双臂想要挡住攻击，但鲨鱼咬住了他的右前臂潜了下去。ward off 挡住。turn off 关闭。trigger off 引起。call off 取消。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3 Small
children are often _____ to nightmares after hearing ghost stories in the dark.
A. definite
B. perceptible
C. incipient
D. susceptible
【答案】D
【解析】在黑暗中听了鬼故事以后，小孩子们经常容易被噩梦影响。susceptible 易受影响的。definite 一定的。perceptible 可察觉的。incipient 初始的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4 Automation
threatens mankind with an increased number of _____ hours.
A. meager
B. complex
C. idle
D. active
【答案】C
【解析】句意：自动化以逐渐增加的闲暇时间威胁了人类。idle无所事事的。meager贫乏的。complex复杂的。active活跃的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
5 It would be
_____ their hospitality to accept any more from them.
A. trampling on
B. treading on
C. trespassing
on
D. trying on
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果再从他们那里接受什么的话，就是侵犯他们的好意了。trespass on侵犯。trample on践踏。tread on踩踏。二者意思相近，可互相替换。try on试穿。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
6 We do not
mean to be disrespectful when we refused to follow the advice of our _____
leader.
A. venerable
B. respectful
C. gracious
D. famous
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我们没有听从我们尊敬的领导的建议并不意味着我们不尊重他。venerable值得尊敬的。respectful恭敬的。gracious高尚的。famous著名的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
7 A safety
analysis _____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never
done.
A. would
identify
B. will identify
C. will have
identified
D. would have
identified
【答案】D
【解析】句意：安全分析本可以确认目标是潜在危险的。但不幸的是，它没能确认。本句为过去时，同时是对过去的与事实相反的虚拟，应当用完成时。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
8 These
proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of
digital information than _____ in traditional media.
A. exist
В. exists
C. existing
D. to exist
【答案】A
【解析】句意：这些提议力图在数字信息的使用和复制上设置比传统媒介上更大的限制。此处为省略了which的定语从句，than的后面省略了成分“those restrictions which”，若将成分补充完整，即可根据时态得知which后应接exist。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
9 Despite the
fact that over time the originally antagonistic response to his sculpture has
lessened, to this day, hardly any individuals _____ his art.
A. evaluate
B. applaud
C. denounce
D. ignore
【答案】B
【解析】句意：尽管随着时间推移，原本对他的雕塑作品的恶语相向已经逐渐减少，但至今几乎没人赞赏他的艺术。applaud称赞。evaluate评价。denounce谴责。ignore忽略。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
10 The shortcomings
of Mr. Brooks’ analysis are _____ his clarity in explaining financial complexity.
A. alleviated by
B. offset by
C. magnified by
D. demonstrated
by
【答案】B
【解析】句意：布鲁克斯先生的分析的缺点被他对经济复杂性的清晰解释抵消了。offset by被……抵消。alleviated by减轻。magnified by放大。demonstrated by证明。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
11 Given the
evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian _____ later Greek civilization, it would be
incorrect to view the work of Greek scientists as an entirely independent
creation.
A. imitation of
B. ambivalence
about
C. disdain for
D. influence on
【答案】D
【解析】有证据表明埃及文明、巴比伦文明对之后出现的希腊文明有影响，这种情况下，把希腊科学家的成果看作是完全独立的创造这一观点便是错误的。influence on影响。imitation of模仿。ambivalence about矛盾情绪。disdain for蔑视。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
12 Any language
is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt
to _____ experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.
A. transcribe
B. complicate
C. manage
D. amplify
【答案】C
【解析】句意：任何语言都是一个反经验的阴谋，因为任何语言的使用群体都试图将人类经验简化分割成相互独立的部分，以达到对它们的操纵和控制。manage控制。transcribe转录。complicate使……复杂化。amplify扩大。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
13 Though
science is often imagined as a disinterested exploration of external reality,
scientists are no different from anyone else: they are _____ human beings
enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances.
A. vulnerable
B. rational
C. careless
D. passionate
【答案】D
【解析】句意：虽然科学经常被想象成对于客观现实的公正探索，但科学家们和其他人没什么不同：他们也是陷在人际社会圈子里的、会感情用事的人类。passionate充满激情的。与disinterested含义相反。vulnerable易受伤害的。rational理性的。careless粗心的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
14 Not until
Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972 _____.
A. when was its
full extent realized
B. that its full
extent was realized
C. was its full
extent realized
D. the
realization of its full extent
【答案】C
【解析】句意：直到1972年肯塔基州的猛犸象洞被完整探索后，洞内的全部内容才被发现。Not until置于句首时，主句应倒装。未倒装前的结构为“It is not until…that…”。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
15 You should
have known better than _____ your little sister at home herself.
A. to leave
B. leave
C. leaving
D. to have left
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你应该知道你不该把小妹妹一个人留在家里。“to know better than to do sth.”为固定搭配，意为“应该知道不该做某事”。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
16 I cannot
concentrate on my work with the prospect of the court ease _____ me.
A. hanging on
B. hanging over
C. hanging up
D. hanging on to
【答案】B
【解析】句意：由于有来自法院的威胁的前景，我没办法专注于我的工作。hang over威胁。hang on坚持下去。hang up拖延。hang on to紧握。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
17 The
fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific
discoveries are translated into technological applications _____ the triumph of
human endeavor.
A. facilitate
B. lead to
C. attest to
D. herald
【答案】C
【解析】句意：现代技术的出色成就和科学发现转化为技术应用的速度证明了人类努力的成功。attest to证明。facilitate促进。lead to导致。herald预兆。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
18 The new
conflict between Man and Nature is more dangerous than the traditional one
between man and his fellow man, _____ the protagonists at least shared a common
language.
A. where
B. which
C. what
D. that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：人与自然之间出现的新矛盾比传统的人与人之间的矛盾更危险。在后面这种情况下，人们之间至少还能语言相通。where相当于in
which，表示“在这种状况下”。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
19 Even if automakers
modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars won’t
catch on in a way _____ drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
A. if
В. when
C. unless
D. because
【答案】C
【解析】句意：即使汽车制造商改造商业生产的汽车，使之能用替代燃料运行，某种程度上这样的车也不会流行起来，除非司机们能在加油站给车添加这种燃料。此处根据句意，应用连词引导条件状语从句，并根据前后转折关系可判断此处应当用unless。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
20 Having been
isolated on a remote island, with little work _____ them, the soldiers suffered
from boredom and low spirits.
A. occupying
B. to occupy
C. occupied
D. occupy
【答案】B
【解析】句意：被隔离在偏远的小岛上，无事可做，士兵们被无聊和情绪低落所折磨。occupy sb. with意为“忙于……”，因此此处应用主动语态。“with sth to do”表示未完成。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
21 An
institution concerned about its reputation is at the mercy of the actions of
its members, because the misdeeds of individuals are often used to _____ the
institutions of which they are a part.
A. coerce
B. honor
C. discredit
D. intimidate
【答案】C
【解析】句意：关注名誉的机构取决于其成员行为，因为个人的不端行为会被用来败坏他们所在的机构的名誉。discredit败坏名声。coerce强制。honor尊敬。intimidate恐吓。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
22 The newborn
human infant is not a passive figure, nor an active one, but what might be
called an actively receptive one, eagerly attentive _____ it is to sights and
sounds.
A. as
B. what
C. that
D. which
【答案】A
【解析】句意：新出生的人类婴儿不是被动的个体，也不是主动的个体，而是所谓的主动接受者，他们表现出对光和声音的急切关注。as it is为固定搭配，意为“实际上”。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
23 For him
_____, what is essential is not that policy works, but that the public believe
that it does.
A. being
re-elected
B. to be
re-elected
C. re-elected
D. to reflect
【答案】B
【解析】句意：对于要参与重新选举的他来说，重要的不是政策是否有效，而是让公众相信政策有效。to be re-elected为不定式，修饰him，表示“他要参与重新选举”。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
24 Mercury’s
velocity is so much greater than the
Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time
_____ takes the Earth to complete one.
A. when
B. it
C. that
D. which
【答案】B
【解析】句意：水星的速度比地球快得多，地球绕太阳一周所用时间足够水星绕太阳运行四周多。此处句子原本结构为“It takes the Earth+（the time）+to complete one”，it为形式主语。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
25 The mother
would _____ her son doing his music practice if he could finish his assignment
before supper.
A. let down
B. let alone
C. let off
D. let out
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果儿子能在晚饭前完成任务，妈妈就准许他暂停音乐练习。let off准许……暂停工作。let down使……失望。let alone更不用说。let out放出。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
26 When the
streets are full of melting snow, you can’t help but _____ your shoes wet.
A. getting
B. get
C. to get
D. got
【答案】B
【解析】句意：当街道上全是融化的雪时，你无法避免弄湿你的鞋。can’t help but为固定搭配，意为“不得不”，后接不带to的不定式。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
27 She could
sing these songs _____ a moment’s notice whenever she was asked.
A. with
B. to
C. on
D. at
【答案】D
【解析】句意：她能随时在被要求的时候唱这些歌。at a moment’s notice为固定搭配，意为“随时”。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
28 As we see
_____ political and national movements, language is used as a badge or barrier
depending on which way we look at it.
A. in aspects of
B. in view of
C. in consideration
of
D. in relation
to
【答案】A
【解析】句意：就像我们看到的那样，在政治民族运动方面，语言被用作徽章或是屏障，这取决于我们怎么看待。in aspects of在……方面。in view of鉴于。in consideration of鉴于。二者可互换。in relation to和……有关。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
29 The
emergence of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution;
_____ the new expansion in literacy, as well as cheaper printing, helped to
nurture the rise of popular literature.
A. as a result
B. in turn
C. therefore
D. in other words
【答案】B
【解析】句意：大众文学出现在第一次工业革命时期；反过来，这次文学领域新的扩展和成本更低的印刷一同滋养了流行文化的出现。in turn反过来。as a result结果。therefore因此。in other words换句话说。因此，本题的正确答案为B。
30 The notion
that a parasite can alter the behavior of a host organism is not mere fiction;
indeed, the phenomenon is not even _____.
A. real
В. comprehended
C. rare
D. observable
【答案】C
【解析】句意：寄生虫能改变宿主行为的说法并非单纯的幻想；实际上，这个现象并不罕见。rare稀少的。real真实的。comprehended理解的。observable看得到的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
PART II READING COMPREHENSION |60 Min| (40 POINTS)
Section One Multiple Choice (2×10=20 points)
Directions: In this section there are two reading passages
followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then murk your
answers on your answer sheet.
Passage A
On Aug. 14, 2007
a computer hacker named Virgil Girlish unleashed a clever little program onto
the Internet that he dubbed WikiScanner. It’s a simple application that trolls
through the records of Wikipedia, the publicly editable Web-based encyclopedia,
and checks on who is making changes to which entries. Sometimes it’s people who
shouldn’t be. Fог example, WikiScanner turned up evidence that somebody from
Wal-Mart had punched up Wal-Mart’s Wikipedia entry. Bad retail giant.
WikiScanner is a
jolly little game of Internet, but it’s really about something more: a growing
popular irritation with the Internet in general. The Net has anarehy in its DNA;
it’s always been about anonymity, playing with your own identity and messing
with other people’s heads. The idea, such as it was, seems to have been that
the Internet would free us of the burden of our public identities so we could
be our true, authentic selves online. Except it turns out who could’ve seen
this coming?—that our true, authentic selves aren’t that fantastic. The great
experiment proved that some of us are wonderful and interesting but that a lot
of us are hackers and pranksters and hucksters, which is one way of explaining
the extraordinary appeal of Facebook.
Facebook is a
“social network”: a website for keeping track of your friends and sending them
messages and sharing photos and doing all those other things that a good little
Web 2.0 company is supposed to help you do. It was started by Harvard students
in 2004 as a tool for meeting at least discreetly ogling—other Harvard
students, and it still has a reputation as a hangout for teenagers and the
teenaged-at-heart, which is ironic because Facebook is really about making the
Web grow up.
Whereas Google
is a brilliant technological hack, Facebook is primarily a feat of social
engineering. (It wouldn’t be a bad idea for Google to acquire Facebook, the way
it snaffled YouTube, but it’s almost certainly too late in the day for that.
Yahoo! offered a billion for Facebook last year and was rebuffed. ) Facebook’s
appeal is both obvious and rather subtle. It’s a website, but in a sense, it’s
another version of the Internet itself: a Net within a Net, one that’s
everything the larger Net is not. Facebook is cleanly designed and has a
classy, upmarket feel to it —a whiff of the Ivy League still clings. People
tend to use their real names on Facebook. They also declare their sex, age,
whereabouts, romantic status and institutional affiliations. Identity is not a
performance or a toy on Facebook: it is a fixed and orderly fact. Nobody does
anything secretly: a news feed constantly updates your friends on your
activities. On Facebook, everybody knows you’re a dog.
Maybe that’s why
Facebook’s fastest-growing demographic consists of people 35 or older: they’re
refugees from the uncouth wider Web. Every community must negotiate the
imperatives of individual freedom and collective social order, and Facebook constitutes
a critical rebalancing of the Internet’s founding vision of unfettered
electronic liberty. Of course, it is possible to misbehave on Facebook—it’s
just self-defeating. Unlike the Internet, Facebook is structured around an
opt-in philosophy; people have to consent to have contact with or even see
others on the network. If you’re annoying folks, you’ll essentially cease to
exist, as those you annoy drop you off the grid.
Facebook has
taken steps this year to expand its functionality by allowing outside
developers to create applications that integrate with its pages, which brings
with it expanded opportunities for abuse. No doubt Griffith is hard at work on
FacebookScanner. But it has also hung on doggedly to its core insight: that the
most important function of a social network is connecting people and that its
second most important function is keeping them apart.
1 Which of the following is INCORRECT
about WikiScanner?
A. It can change
or revise some entries of Wikipedia.
B. It can trace
the origin of some information on the Internet.
C. It expresses
people’s irritation with the Internet.
D. It reveals
people’s real selves on the Internet.
2 The advantages of Facebook are mainly presented by comparing the
differences between Facebook and _____
A. WikiScanner.
B. Google.
C. the Internet.
D.
FacebookScanner
3 What does the last sentence of Paragraph
Four really mean?
A. You are
looked down upon by people on Facebook.
B. If you
misbehave on Facebook, everybody will know.
C. You can pretend
to be a dog on Facebook.
D. Everybody
knows who you are on Facebook.
4 What is Facebook’s real appeal according
to the passage?
A. Only
well-educated people can be allowed to register.
B. People can do
something different from what they do on the Internet.
C. It is cleanly
designed and has very powerful and diverse uses.
D. Its real name
registration system makes it difficult to misbehave.
5 If you misbehave on Facebook, you will
be_____
A. forbidden to
use Facebook forever.
B. criticized by
other people on Facebook.
C. dropped out
of other people’s lists of friends.
D. cut network
connections.
【答案与解析】
1 A 原文第一段第二句说WikiScanner这个程序的功能是“trolls through the
records of Wikipedia… and checks on who is making changes to which entries”。WikiScanner的功能是检测谁修改了词条，但它本身并不具备修改词条的功能。故选A。
2 C 原文第二段主要说明了互联网的一些特点（混乱性、匿名性等），而根据该段最后一句可知，正因如此才凸显了Facebook的非凡吸引力。同时在文章最后一段也提到了Facebook不同于互联网的地方。因此Facebook的优点主要由和互联网的对比凸显。故选C。
3 D 原文第四段的主题是Facebook的特点——真实性，人们在Facebook上使用真实信息，而不像在广义的互联网上一样隐藏自己。“On
Facebook, everybody knows you’re a dog.”是一个暗喻，意味着在Facebook上人们都知道你的真实身份。故选D。
4 B 原文第四段第三句提到，Facebook是另一个版本的互联网，是“网中之网”，但又与互联网不同——在这里人们使用的是自己的真实身份，什么都不是秘密。而这就是Facebook吸引人的地方。因此Facebook真正的吸引力在于和互联网的不同。故选B。
5 C 原文倒数第二段最后一句提到“If you’re annoying
folks, you’ll essentially cease to exist, as those you annoy drop you off the
grid”，如果你在Facebook上表现不端，你最终将会被迫脱离这个群体，即无法再与别人成为朋友。故选C。
Passage B
Clancy Martin
knows a lot about lying. He’s now an associate professor of philosophy at the
University of Missouri, Kansas City, specializing in 19th-and 20th-century
continental philosophy and business ethics, and he wrote his dissertation on
deception. But he really learned how to lie in his youth, when he was a
crackerjack jewelry salesman. Not as good as his brother, perhaps, but good
enough to turn a fake Rolex into the real thing. “I do miss it,” Martin admits.
“I miss that feeling of being on the edge. Say what you will, there is
something fun about deceiving people.”
Talking to
Martin about deception can be unnerving. His voice, sweetened with sincerity,
has the compulsive tones of a convert. Sincere people make good salesmen. So
what to make of Clancy Marlin—a man who wants to sell his debut novel while
reclaiming his soul?
When he was
young, selling was simple—a matter of getting a customer to buy into his
fictions. “He was a very gifted liar.” says his brother and former business partner,
Darren. Thai much is still true, as Martin’s novel, How to Sell, makes
clear. How to Sell is outrageous, theatrical and slicker than oil. It
tells the tale of Bobby Clark, a high-school dropout who joins his older
brother at a jewelry shop in Texas. It’s a festival of drugs, diamonds and sex.
Prostitution, a saleswoman turned hooker suggests at one point, is a more
honest kind of living than the jewelry trade (at least in this book). “With
what I do now,” she tells Bobby, “1 sleeps well at night.”
Martin was born
in Toronto, in 1967. Like his protagonist, he left high school, moved to Texas
and got a job at the jewelry store where his brother worked. “I would say that,
unfortunately, most of the book is lifted directly from my life with some
exaggeration and lots of omission,” says Martin cheerfully. For a young man,
the life had a kind of reckless glamour. “You sell a diamond, and booing,” he
says. But Martin was a little different from most employees. He read, for
example. Just as Bobby rims on a Jorge Luis Borges story to sell a bracelet,
Martin wove stories for customers from the plotlines of books, and he’d read
Spinoza’s Ethics between boos and bumps of coke. Bobby’s pain, too, conics from
Martin’s life: his complicated relationships with his older brother and his
charming but crazy father, Bill, who was never quite far enough out of the
picture. “I think a lot of Clancy’s interest in self-deception came from his
interest in who his dad was” says his ex-wife, Alicia Martin.
Martin tried to
steer his life in another direction. He went to college, began graduate school
in philosophy and married. Then, one day, when he was in Copenhagen working on
a paper on Kierkegaard, his brother called and asked him to help with the
business plan lord expanding his jewelry store. Suddenly, Martin was out of
school and back in jewels. Unlike the shop started by the brothers in the
novel, the Martins’ joint venture was clean. Darren insists. But the game, more
or less, was the same: the process of turning a gem from a mass of matter into
a narrative of possibility.
In the seven
years Martin worked there, life was never boring, but it wasn’t much of a life.
“I had all this experience, and no sense of moral responsibility.” Martin says.
His marriage broke up. He despaired. But he began writing, and that seemed to
offer the promise of something worthwhile. He returned to graduate school. He
wanted to understand deception and self-deception not practice it. Insofar as
he could.
Martin remarried
and became a professor. In addition to writing fiction, he translated Nietzsche
and had edited several collections on ethics (including the forthcoming Philosophy
of Deception), his nonfiction book Love, Lies and Marriage comes out
next year. When we spoke two months ago, he said his life was now “incredibly
calm and domestic”. He did not say that he was undergoing one of the most
trying periods of his life.
With How to
Sell, Martin has written a gem of a story. Selling it probably won’t be
hard. The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how to stop selling.
6 In Martin’s book, the jewelry business
is_____
A. an ideal
place for high school drop-outs to start their career.
B. like a party
in which everybody enjoys the excitement and luxury.
C. full of
opportunities for knowledgeable people to prosper.
D. a world where
people rarely value the virtue of honesty.
7 Which of the following is NOT true about Bobby Clark, the
protagonist of the book How to Sell?
A. He makes use
of what he has read to promote sale.
B. He was born
in Toronto and dropped out of high school.
C. He has a
brother who introduces him into the jewelry business.
D. His
relationship with his father is rather complicated.
8 It can NOT be inferred from Paragraph Five
and Six that_____
A. the sense of
moral responsibility is important to marriage.
B. the jewelry
business has great appeal to Martin.
C. philosophy is
a much less interesting subject than deception.
D. excitement is
not the most important component of life.
9 The sentence in the last paragraph “The bigger challenge for
Martin might be to learn how to stop selling’’ implies that_____
A. once a person
learns how to sell, the skill will never be forgotten.
B. if a book
becomes a best-seller, it is difficult not to stop selling it.
C. cheating
might become a kind of addiction that is hard to get rid of.
D. books on
cheating can always arouse people’s interest of purchase.
10 Which of the following best describes
the category of writing this passage belongs to?
A. A book review
in a newspaper.
B. An
introduction in a jewelry magazine.
C. An extract
from a biography.
D. An analysis
of deception from an essay.
【答案与解析】
6 D 原文第三段描述了Martin书中的珠宝店的世界——“Prostitution… is a
more honest kind of living than the jewelry trade (at least in this book)”。连妓女行业都比珠宝业更诚实，可见在珠宝行业几乎没人关注诚实这一美德。故选D。
7 B 原文第三段提到了有关Bobby Clark的一些信息，提到了他高中辍学，和哥哥在珠宝店工作。第四段提到Bobby运用读过的诗歌来卖手链，以及他的痛苦来自他和哥哥和父亲的复杂关系。但原文只提到Martin是在多伦多出生的，而不是Bobby。故选B。
8 C 根据题意定位至文章第五和第六段。第六段中Martin说他“没有道德责任感”后很快提到他离婚的事情。第五段提及Martin在写论文的时候接到哥哥的消息后便突然离开学校回到珠宝业，据此可推断珠宝业对Martin吸引力很大。同时第六段中提到Martin工作的七年中“life was never boring, but it wasn’t much of a life”，由此可知他认为生活中仅有刺激是不够的。但是没有证据可以推断“哲学比欺骗更无趣”。故选C。
9 C 文章第一段提到Martin认为“骗人很有意思”，第五段也提到了他本有希望彻底摆脱骗子生活，但哥哥一个电话就让他回到了从前的生活。该句表面含义是对于Martin来说，“更大的挑战是如何停止推销”，结合背景可知对于Martin来说欺骗是件令他着迷的事，使他上瘾、难以控制。故选C。
10 A 本文从第三段开始便围绕Martin的How to Sell展开，涉及到该书主人公、故事情节以及与作者的联系，最后一段更是在明确地为小说争取读者。综合判断，本文是为该书写的评论性文章。故选A。
Section Two Answering Questions(4×5=20 points)
Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN
COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use ONLY
information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the
corresponding space in your answer sheet.
Questions 1 to 3
Think of the
solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native
Alaska, at 89. She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people
as a mother-tongue. Or imagine Ned Mandrell, who died in 1974, he was the last
native speaker of Manx, similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic. Both these people
had the comfort of being surrounded, some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew
something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn they could of a
vanishing tongue. In remote parts of the world, dozens more people are on the
point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be
recorded or reconstructed.
Does it matter?
Plenty of languages among them Akkadian, Etruscan, Tangut and Chibcha —have
gone the way of the dodo, without causing much trouble to posterity. Should
anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues from Manchu (spoken in China)
to Hua (Botswana) and Gwich’in (Alaska) are in danger of suffering a similar
fate?
Compared with
groups who lobby to save animals or trees, campaigners who lobby to presence
languages are themselves a rare breed. But they are trying both to mitigate and
publicise an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are
vanishing. Of some 6,900 tongues spoken in the world today, some 50% to 90%
could be gone by the end of the century. In Africa, at least 300 languages are
in near-term danger, and 200 more have died recently or are on the verge of
death. Some 145 languages are threatened in East and South-East Asia.
Some languages,
even robust ones, face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent
on imposing a majority tongue. A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon
realised that whatever you spoke at home, mastering Russian was the key to
success. Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless
tactics. In years past, Americans, Canadians and Australians took native
children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where
English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter
memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language.
But in an age of
mass communications, the threats to linguistic diversity are less draconian and
more spontaneous. Parents stop using traditional tongues, thinking it will be
better for their children to grow up using a dominant language (such as Swahili
in Last Africa) or a global one (such as English or Spanish). And even if
parents try to keep the old speech alive, their efforts can be doomed by films
and computer games.
The result is a
growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders. A book edited by
Peter Austin, an Australian linguist, gives some examples: Njerep, one of 31
endangered languages counted in Cameroon, reportedly has only four speakers
left, all over 60. The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for
linguists in search of unusual syntax, but Ubykh, one of the region’s baffling
tongues, officially expired in 1992.
The effort to
keep languages alive can lead to hard arguments, especially where limited funds
are available to spend on education and official communications. In both
America and Britain, some feel that, whatever people speak at home, priority
should go to making sure that children know English well.
But supporters
of linguistic diversity make strong arguments too. Nicholas Ostler, a scholar
who heads the Foundation for Endangered Languages, a non-profit group based in
Britain, says multilingual children do better academically than monolingual
ones. He rejects the notion that a common tongue helps to avoid war: think of
Rwanda, Bosnia and Vietnam.
Mark Alber, a
Canadian writer, says the protection of endangered species is closely linked to
the preservation of tongues. On a recent expedition in Australia, a rare turtle
was found to have two varieties; a dying but rich native language, Gagudju, had
different words for each kind.
Thanks to
electronics, saviours of languages have better tools than ever before; words
and sounds can easily be posted on the Internet, Education techniques are
improving, too. In New Zealand Maori-speakers have formed “language nest”, in
which grandparents coach toddlers in the old tongue. Australia’s dying
Kamilaroi language was boosted by pop songs teenagers liked. But whatever
tricks or technology are used, the only test of a language’s viability is
everyday life. “The way to save languages is to speak them,’’ says Mr. Austin.
‘‘People have to talk to people”
Questions:
1 According to this passage, what has caused the disappearance or
vanishing of some languages?
2 Does the electronic age have any impact on language diversity? If
so, what is it?
3 What is the main purpose of this passage?
【答案与解析】
1 Political
power, parents’ influence and electronic device have all caused the
disappearance or vanishing of some language.
(根据题意定位至文章第四、五段。这两段集中解释了造成一些语言消失的原因。第四段举例解释了政治力量对语言的影响，第五段则阐述了家长方面的原因以及电影与电脑游戏的影响。)
2 Yes. The
electronic things like films and computer games can easily ruin the effort parents
make to keep old speech alive, but also electronics helps reserve the old
languages.
(根据题意定位至文章第五段和最后一段。该段结尾提到即使家长想要保护这些古老的语言，他们的努力也可能被电影或电脑游戏毁掉，但同时电子设备也成为保护一些古老语言的工具。由此可推断电子时代对古老的语言有影响，即对语言多样性有影响。)
3 The main
purpose is to illustrate the fact about some dying old languages and provide
the solution to this problem.
(本文阐述了一些古老语言的现状、消失原因、人们的看法，并在结尾提供了一些拯救这些语言的方法。)
Questions 4 to 5
Traditionally,
the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic
events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly
procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and
documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has
followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is
taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come
directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects
are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it
is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?’’ and “How did it
happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among
the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and
its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory
does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts.
Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and
when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of
psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to
psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment
precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.
Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of
events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who
made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their
lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the
basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible
to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic
tenet of historical method: that historian be alert to the negative instances
that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute
rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the
“deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the
truth.
Psychohistory is
not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper
mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself.
It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted
out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes
and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon
the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their
complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates
all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is
presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
Questions:
4 According to this passage, how does psychohistory differ from
traditional history in treating past events?
5 What does the author of the passage probably intend to convey by
putting the word “deepest” (in Paragraph 3) in quotation marks?
【答案与解析】
4 Psychohistory
usually denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, rids people and
events of their individuality and complexity and doesn’t respect the
particularity.
(根据题意定位至文章第四段。该段提到心理历史学对待过去的方式。心理历史学不把过去看作一个整体和自己的意志，去除了人们和事件的独立性和复杂性,同时不考虑过去的特点。)
5 The author
may intend to signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’
claims for their work.
(文章第三段提到心理历史学家们相信他们自己的理论的绝对正确性，他们认为自己的解释最为“深刻”，其他的解释缺乏真实性。由此可见这只是心理历史学家们自己的观点，而其解释是否真的深刻还有待证明。因此该处使用引号表示作者的不确定性。)
PART III WRITING |60 min| (30 POINTS)
Big cities like
Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou have been the top choices for many university
graduates. But in recent years, much greater pressure of living in those big
cities has made some people especially young men think about working in a
smaller one. What is your opinion? State your viewpoint clearly and adequately.
Write on ANSWER
SHEET a composition of about 400 words on the following topic:
Working in Small
Cities vs. Big Cities
【参考范文】
Working in Small Cities vs. Big Cities
Big cities, such
as Beijing and Shanghai, are always a top choice for many university graduates.
But living in big cities is always accompanied with great pressure, especially
in recent years. Therefore, some young people begin to consider working in
smaller cities. In my opinion, this is not a bad choice. Working in small cities
has more advantages.
Here are the
advantages I would think of about working in small cities.
First, in small
cities there are less economic pressure and higher living quality. As we all
know, the consumption level of big cities is usually higher than small cities.
For those who just graduate from universities, if they are not natives but want
to work in big cities, they’ll have to think much about their expenditure such
as rent, fare and so on, which are usually quite high and will bring great
pressure for them. This will also bring them low living quality. However, if
working in small cities, they’ll enjoy a better life because they won’t have to
worry about the prices and rent, thus they can save more money for improving
their living standard.
Second, there is
more development potential in small cities. Though people may think big cities
can provide more opportunities for people working there, this doesn’t mean that
small cities don’t own great chances. Instead, small cities are full of
development potential for people to dig out. Usually, there are more resources
waiting to be discovered in small cities. Furthermore, recently the government
is taking measures to support the development of some second-tier and
third-tier cities, which brings better opportunities for graduates. So now many
small cities are full of development potential, where graduates can also
realize their own value.
Third, the
environment of small cities is often better than that of big cities. With more
and more people flocking into big cities looking for opportunities, the
environment problem has become a serious issue there. Increasing cars are
bringing more pollution. There are lots of people everywhere, making big cities
crowded. But in smaller cities there are less people, so usually the
environment won’t be damaged and crowded with people. So graduates working
there can enjoy a better life.
In conclusion,
as far as I’m concerned, big cities are great places to work, but small cities
have more advantages. Especially nowadays, some small cities have gained
opportunities of development, so choosing to work in small cities is certainly
not a bad idea.
【解析】
根据题意可知，文章应当围绕“在大城市工作好还是在小城市工作好”这个话题提出自己的观点并展开论述。
文章开篇即概括了背景并提出了作者观点。作者认为毕业生去小城市工作比在大城市工作更有好处。从第二段到第五段，作者提出了三个在小城市工作的优势——生活压力更小、发展潜力更高、环境更好，并分别进行了详细论述，通过对比在大城市工作和小城市工作的特点，证明在小城市工作的优势。最后一段，作者对观点做了总结，再次强调在小城市工作的好处。
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