中山大学240英语（单考）考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 中山大学《240英语（单考）》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

2. 全国名校单考英语考研真题汇总（含中山、北科大等）

考研指导书

1. 2026年考研单考英语专用教材

2. 2026年单考英语考研题库

中山大学《240英语（单考）》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

书籍目录

部分内容

2005年中山大学《211英语（单考）》考研真题及详解

Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (5 points)

1 Plastic heart valves and other human “spare parts” have ____ many recent developments in surgery.

A. been possible

B. become possible

C. been made possible

D. made possible

【答案】C

【解析】句意：塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官在外科手术中有很多新进展。根据题目中的“recent”可知使用现在完成时态。make…possible使……成为可能。这里的主语是“plastic heart valves and other human spare parts”，与make是被动关系。所以，本题的正确答案为C。

2 Many a soldier ____ killed in the battle.

A. have been

B. has been

C. were

D. are

【答案】B

【解析】句意：许多士兵在战争中被杀死了。many a＋可数名词单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

3 Studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within this limit is ____ likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.

A. not much

B. not so much

C. no more

D. more or less

【答案】C

【解析】句意：研究表明，喝了酒但不过量的司机可能出车祸，不喝酒的司机也同样可能出车祸。no more…than…不比……更……。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

4 They were the ones who asserted that a belter bridge would have been built ____ their assistance.

A. if we had

B. if we have had

C. have we had

D. had we had

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他们一些人认为，如果我们得到了他们帮助的话，桥就已经被建好了。虚拟语气对过去的假设是if had done ＋would / should / could / might have done，if可以省略。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

5 ____ late that night in bed that John noticed from a calendar hanging on the wall that it was August the Twenty-sixth.

A. It was not until

B. Not until

C. Until

D. Till

【答案】A

【解析】句意：直到那天深夜，约翰才注意到墙上的日历，他才知道8月26号了。It is…that强调句型。not until…直到……才。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

6 In his short story “The Fall of the House of Usher”. Poe ____ the decline of a ____ family.

A. descries… cursing

B. describes… cursed

C. described… cursed

D. has described… cursing

【答案】B

【解析】句意：埃德加·爱伦·坡在他的短篇小说《厄舍古屋的倒塌》中描述了一个受到诅咒的家庭的衰落。对客观事实进行描述使用一般现在时。cursed遭受赌咒的，受诅咒的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

7 Hardly ever ____ get a good job these days without a good education.

A. people might

B. people can

C. do people

D. have people

【答案】C

【解析】句意：现在，没有受到良好教育的人们几乎不能找到一份好工作。hardly是否定副词，位于句首句子要倒装。get为实意动词，因此要用助动词do来实现倒装。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

8 You should have put the chicken soup in the refrigerator, I think it ____ sour by now.

A. became

B. has become

C. had become

D. becomes

【答案】B

【解析】句意：你应该把鸡汤放进冰箱的，我想它现在已经酸了。前句话是虚拟语气，有抱怨的意思，后半句说的是现在的情况，所以这里应当用现在完成时态。  by now目前，现在。故选B。

9 Everyone has arrived, _____?

A. hasn’t he

B. hasn’t everyone

C. haven’t they

D. does he

【答案】C

【解析】句意：每个人都到了，不是吗？反义疑问句由陈述句和疑问句两部分构成，当陈述句表达肯定时，疑问句要用否定。当主语为everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，anyone，nobody等，反义疑问句中主语一般用he（强调个人）/they（强调整体）。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

10 ____ some unpredictable event takes place, the plan will be carried in the predetermined way.

A. Unless

B. As

C. Though

D. When

【答案】A

【解析】句意：除非有意料之外的事情发生，否则一切按照原计划进行。unless除非。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

Section B

Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (10 points)

11 God punished the serpent by ____ snakes to crawl upon their bellies.

A. condemning

B. asking

C. ordering

D. directing

【答案】A

【解析】句意：上帝惩罚蛇并诅咒他们永远用其腹部在地上爬行。condemn谴责，判刑。ask要求，询问。order命令。direct指导，指挥。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

12 Americans do not feel that ____ obedience and implicit submission to the will of another is necessary in order to maintain good government.

A. blind

B. partial

C. verbal

D. severe

【答案】A

【解析】句意：美国人认为没有必要为了维持政府的良好形象而盲目的服从和屈服于他人的意志。blind盲目的。partial偏爱的，不公平的。verbal口头的，言语的。severe严重的。故选A。

13 Visitors are ____ to beware of pickpockets.

A. notified

B. informed

C. commanded

D. advised

【答案】D

【解析】句意：游客被建议要小心扒手。advise建议。inform通知，告知。notify通知，公布。command要求，命令。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

14 He did not share what he knew with many people but he ____ in her.

A. confessed

B. concealed

C. consoled

D. confided

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他和许多人都不分享他所知道的，但是却对她吐露心声。confide in sb信赖某人，向某人吐露心声。confess坦白，忏悔。conceal隐藏，隐匿。console安慰，慰藉。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

15 Whereas the historian’s primary task is to ___ human actions, the business of the psychologist is to ____ them.

A. describe… justify

B. influence… study

C. record… explain

D. measure… avoid

【答案】C

【解析】句意：历史学家的首要工作是记录人们的行为活动，而心理学家的首要工作就是对这些行为活动进行解释。describe… justify描述……使合理。influence… study影响……研究。record… explain记录……解释。measure… avoid衡量……避免。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

16 Although Darwinism was a profoundly ____ world view, it was essentially passive, since it prescribed no steps to be taken, no victories over nature to be celebrated, no program of triumphs to be successively gained.

A. limited

B. debatable

C. innovative

D. paradoxical

【答案】C

【解析】句意：尽管达尔文的学说代表深刻而富有创新精神的世界观，但它基本上是被动的，因为它没有提出要采取的步骤，没有提出如何征服值得赞美的大自然，没有提出连续取得胜利的计划。innovative 创新的。limited有限的。debatable可争辩的。paradoxical似是而非的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

17 A small piece of flat land ____ a large expanse of deep water is a character of Hong Kong.

A. attaching

B. adhering

C. joining

D. adjoining

【答案】D

【解析】句意：一小片平坦的土地上有大片的深水，这是香港的特色。attach依附。adhere支持。join加入。adjoin毗邻，邻接。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

18 The comer market is ____ only until 8:30 pm.

A. opening

B. open

C. opens

D. opened

【答案】D

【解析】句意：市场8:30才开。open做形容词，意为“开着的”表达一种状态。此处强调“开”的动作，所以此处“open”作为动词来使用。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

19 For centuries Rome was the ____ power in the Mediterranean.

A. utmost

B. overall

C. superior

D. supreme

【答案】D

【解析】句意：几个世纪依赖，罗马代表着地中海的最高权力。supreme最高的，至高的。utmost最大的。overall整体的，全部的。superior上级的，优秀的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20 The amount of money a small businessman would have to ____ to cover possible losses would leave him nothings or almost nothing to run his business with.

A. set down

B. set back

C. set aside

D. set about

【答案】C

【解析】句意：小商人不得不储存一笔钱，以应对可能让他失去所有的损失，或者作为东山再起的资本。set aside存储，搁置。set down写下，记下。set back推迟。set about着手。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

21 The hall will ____ more than 400 people.

A. be seated

B. sit

C. seat

D. be sat

【答案】A

【解析】句意：大厅里落座的人数将超过400。sit坐，坐下。seated落座的，就座的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

22 The Director’s personality was undoubtedly a _____ in the success of the company.

A. feature

B. factor

C. characteristic

D. quality

【答案】B

【解析】句意：毫无疑问，经理的人格是公司成功的因素之一。factor因素。feature特点。characteristic特点，特征。quality品质，质量。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

23 Jack will ____ his nervousness once he’s before the camera.

A. get away

B. get off

C. get through

D. get over

【答案】D

【解析】句意：一旦在相机前，杰克就会克服他的紧张。get over克服。get away离开，逃脱。get off下来，脱下，卸下。get through做完；度过，熬过。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

24 I didn’t know what to do but then an idea suddenly ____ to me.

A. happened

B. entered

C. occurred

D. hit

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在我不知道做什么的时候，突然有了想法。occur to sb某人突然想到。happen发生。enter进入。hit打击，袭击。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

25 ____ I’ve decided to travel by sea, as it is obviously cheaper and more comfortable.

A. At second about it

B. On second thoughts

C. In second thought

D. From second thoughts

【答案】B

【解析】句意：转念一想，我决定坐船去旅游，因为它明显更便宜也更舒服。on second thoughts转念一想。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

26 We’ve ____ salt. Ask Mrs. Jones to lend us some.

A. run away with

B. run down

C. run off

D. run out of

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我们已经没有盐了，让琼斯夫人借一些给我们。run out of用光，用完。run away with偷走，私奔。run down减少，衰退。run off逃跑。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

27 I strongly ____ you’re going away with her, considering your health condition.

A. react to

B. incline to

C. object to

D. adapt to

【答案】C

【解析】句意：考虑到你的健康，我强烈反对你和她一起走。object to doing sth反对做某事。react to回应。incline to倾向于。adapt to适应于。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

28 The candidate charged his ____ with evasion of the issue.

A. opponent

B. colleague

C. partner

D. defendant

【答案】A

【解析】句意：候选人指控他的对手逃避这个问题。opponent对手。colleague同事。partner伙伴。defendant被告。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

29 He ____ his luggage in the comer beside the tall clock.

A. display

B. deposited

C. claimed

D. stored

【答案】B

【解析】句意：他把行李搁在了大钟旁边的角落里。deposited存储，搁置，安置，放。display展示。claim要求，声明。store贮藏。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

30 The research shows that both male and female shift workers report high levels of stress and a sense of ____ between the demands of work and family life.

A. conflict

B. distress

C. distinction

D. confusion

【答案】A

【解析】句意：研究表明，男性和女性的轮班工作者都有很高的压力，并且有工作和家庭生活需求之间存在矛盾的感觉。conflict矛盾。distress不幸，悲痛。distinction区别，差别。confusion困惑，迷惑。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

Part II Cloze Test

Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of (31)_____ in tasks and in decisions (32)_____ equality, and this in turn leads to (33)_____ sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn (34)_____ that equality more easily than (35)_____ their parents and to prepare more fully for (36)_____ in a world characterized by co-operations (37)_____ the “battle of the sexes”

It is time to (38)_____ the role of the man to the American family. We are getting a little (39)_____ “Monism” （一元论） What we need, rather is the (40)_____ that bringing up children involves a (41)_____ of equals. There are signs (42)_____ psychologists, social workers, and specialists (43)_____ the family are becoming more (44)_____ the part men play and that play have decided that women (45)_____ not receive all the credit—nor all the blame. We have almost (46)_____ saying, that a woman’s place is (47)_____ . We are beginning, however, to (48)_____ man’s place in the home and to insist that (49)_____ does have a place in it. Not is that place irrelevant to the (50)_____ development of the child

31 A. coordinating

B. Sharing

C. distributing

D. organizing

32 A. makes out

B. makes up

C. makes for

D. makes up for

33 A. farther

B. Further

C. larger

D. greater

34 A. accepting

B. from accepting

C. by accepting

D. to accept

35 A. do

B. does

C. did

D. done

36 A. enjoyment

B. participation

C. engagement

D. achievement

37 A. rather than

B. other than

C. more than

D. less than

38 A. to look through

B. to examine

C. to reassess

D. to play

39 A. tired of

B. by heart

C. rid of

D. better of

40 A. recognition

B. description

C. organization

D. comprehension

41 A. member

B. notion

C. relationship

D. partnership

42 A. which

B. what

C. that

D. of which

43 A. from

B. with

C. of

D. on

44 A. aware of

B. content with

C. interested in

D. absorbed in

45 A. would

B. should

C. will

D. might

46 A. given in

B. given up

C. given way

D. given off

47 A. inside the house

B. away from borne

C. in the home

D. at the home

48 A. recognize

B. criticize

C. assess

D. analyze

49 A. it

B. them

C. he

D. she

50 A. healthy

B. proper

C. unhealthy

D. improper

【答案与解析】

31 B  根据上文可知“在一个男性和女性角色没有严格区分的家庭，男性的优越感是很难保持的，共享任务和决定权的模式要求平等”。sharing共享的，共同承担的。coordinating协调的。distributing分配的。organizing组织上的。故选B。

32 C  根据原文可知“共同分担模式导致男女角色的平等”。make for导致，有助于。make out理解，辨认出。make up构成。make up for弥补。故选C。

33 B  根据原文可知“男女角色的平等又反过来导致了更进一步的共享”。further更进一步的。farther更远的。larger更大的。greater更大的，更好的。故选B。

34 D  根据原文可知“在这种家庭里长大的男孩女孩更容易学会接受平等”。learn to do sth学习做某事，学会做某事。故选D。

35 C  根据上下文可知“在平等家庭里长大的孩子要比其过去的父母更容易学会接受平等的观念”。did用来指代“父母在过去学习接受平等的观念”。故选C。

36 B  根据原文可知“孩子会做好更加全面的准备参与到提倡男女合作而不是男女性别之战的世界中”。participation参与。enjoyment享受。engagement参与度，约定。achievement成就。故选B。

37 A  根据上文可知此处意表达“男女合作”而不是“男女性别的战争”。rather than而不是。other than除了。more than超过。less than不足，少于。故选A。

38 C  根据原文可知“是时候重新评价美国家庭中男性的角色了”。reassess重新评价，再评价。look through浏览。examine检查。play游戏，扮演。故选C。

39 A  根据原文可知“我们对一元论感到了厌烦”。get tired of…对……感到厌烦。故选A。

40 A  根据原文可知“人们现在需要的是将孩子抚养长大，包括教育他们学习对平等的认可”。recognition认可，赞同。description描述，描绘。organization组织。comprehension理解。故选A。

41 D  根据原文可知“对孩子教育的平等涉及教育他们平等伙伴关系”。partnership伙伴关系。member成员。notion见解，概念。relationship关系。故选D。

42 C  that用于非限定性定语从句，指代“the signs”。故选C。

43 D  根据原文可知“这是心理学家，社会工作者以及研究家庭的专家意识到越来越重要的”。specialist on…是……方面的专家。故选D。

44 A  根据上文可知“平等伙伴关系越来越多的人所意识到”。be aware of意识到。be content with…对……感到满意。be interested in…对……感兴趣。be absorbed in…沉浸于……。故选A。

45 B  根据原文可知“女性不应该承担所有的赞扬或责备”。故选B。

46 B  根据原文可知“人们已经放弃了说女人是待在家里的”。give up放弃。give in屈服。give way让路，撤退。give off发出，长出。故选B。

47 C  in the home在家。故选C。

48 D  根据原文可知“然而，我们开始分析男性在家的地位”。analyze分析。recognize认可。criticize批评。assess评估。故选D。

49 C  根据上文可知“人们开始分析男性在家中的地位，并且坚持认为他是有一定地位的”。故选C。

50 A  根据原文可知“男性在家中的地位是与孩子的健康发展有关的”。healthy健康的。proper合适的。unhealthy不健康的。improper不合适的。故选A。

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions, For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully md choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Passage 1

Edgar felt quite excited at the thought of his first swim of the summer. With the sun shining down so strongly, the sea was certain to be warm enough. He walked quickly along the sea-front towards the steps that led on to the sands. He smiled cheerfully at the passersby. He had just smiled and raised his hat to an elderly lady when a man with a camera caught his arm and stopped him. Edgar heard a little buzzing noise from the camera.

“Your photograph, sir, in glorious colour in just one moment if you please,” said the man in one breath.

Then the buzzing stopped, and he held the photograph in his hand and was waving it to and fro. In a moment he handed it over, and Edgar saw the bright blue splash of his shirt half filling the picture.

“Seventy pence, sir,” the man said. “It’s the bargain of your holiday.”

“Seventy pence,” Edgar repeated, mildly. “For this?” He stared at the photographer.

“They’re normally eighty-five, sir, but for a single subject I make a cut-price offer. It’s the best value you’ll get in Chadwell.”

“You’ll have to make a better offer,” Edgar said. It was a good photo though, he thought, so bright and clear. His hat was held high, and he was smiling broadly at the old lady, whose arm and handbag came into a lower corner. He had no idea that he was being snapped （快照拍摄）. He thought he was really quite a good-looking chap.

“That’s as good as any studio job that would cost you pounds,” said the cameraman. “It’s better in a way because it’s so natural. Only seventy pence, sir.”

“I’ve never paid so much for a snap in my life. It simply isn’t worth that kind of money. It’s not as if I need the thing. Look, I’ll give you twenty-five.”

“No, I can’t do that. Each of these instant colour shots costs me 50p—that’s the price of the blank frame, so you see…”

“Criminal, criminal,” Edgar broke in. “You want a profit of forty per cent. Well, not at my expense, I’m afraid. I’ll give you your 50p and that’s that.”

“Let me see, then.” The man suddenly took the photograph out of Edgar’s hand. “I can’t waste any more time with you. It’s 70p or I keep it.”

“Keep it,” Edgar said. He turned, looked out to the sea, and then walked quickly away.

51 Why do you suppose Edgar was in Chadwell?

A. It was his borne

B. He had gone there on holiday

C. He was taking part in the making of a film

D. He went there to have his photograph taken

52 The photographer lowered his price to 70p because ______.

A. Edgar wanted to bargain for the photo

B. Edgar couldn’t afford to pay the normal price

C. the only person in the snap was Edgar

D. there was only one copy of the photograph

53 What was Edgar’s opinion on the photographed?

A. He thought it made him look like a criminal

B. He liked it but though it was too expensive

C. It annoyed him because he had not expected it

D. He doubt it was a bargain at the price

54 Why could the snap be called a natural one?

A. Because Edgar did not know he was being photographed

B. Because it is natural to have a snap taken at the seaside

C. Because Edgar was a normal, good-looking man

D. Because it was as good as a studio photograph

【答案与解析】

51 C  根据文章第一段可知“Edgar很愉快地享受夏季以来的第一次游泳”，再根据文章第四段提到的“the bargain of your holiday”，由此推测Edgar可能在Chadwell度假。故选C。

52 C  根据文章第六段提到的“They’re normally eighty-five, sir, but for a single subject I make a cut-price offer. It’s the best value you’ll get in Chadwell”，由此可知照片本来的价格是85p，因为照片中只出现了Edgar一个人，所以价格降到了70p。故选C。

53 B  根据文章第七段提到的“You’ll have to make a better offer… It was a good photo though”，由此可知Edgar认为照片的质量和效果都是非常好的，但是要价太贵了。故选B。

54 A  根据文章第一段提到的“He had just smiled and raised his hat to an elderly lady when a man with a camera caught his arm and stopped him”，由此可知Edgar当时正对着一位年老的女士微笑，手里高举着帽子，就在这时突然被一个拿着相机的人抓住了胳膊，他才停了下来。所以摄影的人在拍照片的时候，Edgar并不知道，所以拍出来的照片很自然。故选A。

Passage 2

Firstly, of course, it is plain that in the year 2000 everyone will have at his elbow several times more mechanical energy than he has today.

Second, There will be advances in biological knowledge as far-reaching as those that have been made in physics. We are only beginning to learn that we can control our biological environment as well as our physical one. Starvation has been predicted twice to a growing world population: by Malthus in about 1800, by Crookes in about 1900. It was headed off the first time by taking agriculture to America and the second time by using the new fertilizers. In the year 2000, starvation will be headed off by the control of the diseases and the heredity （遗传） of plants and animals—by shaping our own biological environment.

And third, I come back to the haunting theme of automation. The most common species in the factory today is the man who works or minds a simple machine—the operator. By the year 2000, the repetitive tasks of industry will be taken over by the machines, as the heavy tasks were taken over long ago; and the mental tedium will go the way of physical exhaustion. Today we still distinguish, even among repetitive jobs, between the skilled and the unskilled; but in the year 2000 all repetition will be unskilled. We simply waste our time if we oppose this change; it is as inevitable as the year 2000 itself.

55 According to the passage, advances in biological knowledge have ______.

A. kept pace with advances in physics

B. been responsible for the invention of new machines

C. surpassed those in physics

D. lagged behind those in physics

56 According to the article, “shaping our biological environment” (in Par. 2) means ______.

A. improving agricultural methods

B. changing our physical environment

C. controlling disease and heredity of plants and animals

D. discovering the laws governing matter

57 By the twenty-first century, machines will ______.

A. actually operate other machines

B. have learned to think for us

C. be shaped like robots

D. no longer be needed

58 Repetitive tasks in industry lead to ______.

A. physical exhaustion

B. mental stimulation

C. mental exhaustion

D. extinction

【答案与解析】

55 D  根据文章第二段第一句提到的“第二，生物学知识的进步将会取得像物理学那样深远的影响”，由此可知目前物理学已经产生了广泛深远的影响而生物学还没有产生同样的影响。故选D。

56 C  定位到文章第二段可知“2000年通过控制植物和动物的疾病和遗传，饥荒将会被阻止，以此来重新塑造我们的生物环境”。故选C。

57 A  根据文章最后一段可知“到21世纪，所有重复性的工作将会由机器承担”。故选A。

58 C  文章最后一段提到了“as the heavy tasks were taken over long ago; and the mental tedium will go the way of physical exhaustion”，由此推测就像在过去从事繁重的工作体力透支一样，在未来自动化的时代，精神疲劳会取代身体疲劳。故选C。

Passage 3

Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another—the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.

Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly—the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science tend to degrade the quality of the nation’s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.”

59 Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it ______.

A. is frown upon by the Foundation

B. offers immediate profit

C. drives out basic research

D. solves practical problems

60 Basic research is vital because ______.

A. it leads to results that can be appreciated

B. it provides the basis of scientific progress

C. its results cannot be anticipated

D. it tends to degrade the nation’s technology

61 The federal government ______.

A. devotes more than 90% of its research and development funds to applied research

B. spends for more on applied research than on military problems

C. opposes the Foundation’s grants to basic research

D. is not concerned about the nature of the research being done by the scientists it employs

62 Less developed countries ______.

A. devote a large portion of their budget to applied research

B. realize that progress depends on basic research

C. encourage their career scientists to experiment

D. devote less than 7% of their scientific budget to basic research

【答案与解析】

59 B  文章最后一段提到了“…funds devoted to research by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly”，由此可知工业研究会更自然地关注应用领域，因为会使得其利益迅速增加。故选B。

60 B  根据文章第一段可知“基础研究是科学的核心，基础研究产生的成果是科学取得进步的资本”。故选B。

61 A  根据文章第二段提到的“政府仅仅将7%的研究基金投入到基础研究”，由此可以推测超过90%的基金投入到了应用研究。故选A。

62 A  根据文章第一段可知“应用研究可以被用来解决实际的某个问题，具有直接的吸引力，其成果是看的到的，也可以直接享用。出于实际的原因，任何一个国家在应用研究投入的资金要远远超过在基础研究上的投入。这个比例在欠发达国家更是不均衡”。故选A。

Passage 4

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the America economic system.

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources （private property）, and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

63 In Line 8, Par. 1, “the desire of individuals to their incomes means _______.

A. Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

B. Americans tend to overstate their incomes

C. Americans want to have their incomes increased

D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

64 The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _______.

A. producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

B. consumers can express their demands through products

C. producers decide the ibices of products

D. supply and demand regulate prices

65 According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by _______.

A. private property and limits concerned

B. manpower and natural resources control

C. ownership of productive resources

D. free contracts and prices

66 The passage is mainly about _______.

A. how American goods are produced

B. how American consumers buy their goods

C. how American economic system works

D. how American businessmen make their profits

【答案与解析】

63 D  定位到文章第一段可知“因此在美国，市场经济意味着消费者的需求、商人利润最大化的需求、以及个人收入最大化的需求。这三个因素共同决定了生产什么以及如何生产”。因此文中“个人收入最大化”是与消费联系在一起的，即收入购买力的提高。故选D。

64 D  定位到文章第二段“因此，生产商对消费者需求的表达和回应是市场经济重要的运行机制，这个机制具体是通过价格体系得以运作。通过产品价格的上升和下降来反应消费者的需求和生产者的供应状况”，因此可知商品价格是供求关系的反映。故选D。

65 A  根据文章最后一段“私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资源（私有财产），并允许其有权雇佣劳动力，控制自然资源，生产商品和服务以获取利润”，由此可知私有企业拥有私人财产及先关的权利。故选A。

66 C  作者在文章第一段提到了“美国经济体质是围绕私有企业，在以市场经济为导向的基础上建立起来的”，第二段介绍了市场经济，第三段介绍了私人企业经济，因此可知此篇文章在介绍美国的经济的特点及其运行。故选C。

Passage 5

Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable；that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four―year―olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan. However, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, they do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode （把……编码） or decode （理解） meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”

The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined：speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then dance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will stop the conversation. Just how critical this eye contacting is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes clear when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.

67 The author is convinced that the eyes are ______.

A. of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas

B. something through which one can see a person’s inner world

C. Of considerable significance in making conversations interesting

D. something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate

68 Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ______.

A. whose front view is folly perceived

B. whose face is covered with a mask

C. whose face is seen from the side

D. whose face is free of any covering

69 According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner’s neck because ______.

A. they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker

B. they need not communicate through eye contact

C. they don’t think it polite to have eye contact with him or her

D. they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood

70 According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to ______.

A. one temporarily glancing away from the other

B. eye contact of more than one second

C. improperly-timed pause of eye contact

D. constant adjustment of eye contact

【答案与解析】

67 A  作者在文章第一段提到了“眼睛是否是心灵的窗户仍存在争议，但是眼睛在人际交往中扮演着重要的作用却是事实”，由此可知作者认为眼睛在人们表达想法和交流意见时是非常重要的。故选A。

68 C  根据文章第一段可知“刺激微笑产生的是一双眼睛，但不需要是真实的眼睛。面具上的两个点就可以刺激微笑的产生。然而值得注意的是，带有眼睛的真实的人脸并不会激发微笑，从侧面看只露出一个眼睛的时候也不会刺激微笑的产生”。故选C。

69 D  根据文章第一段可知“在日本，婴儿是被妈妈背在背上的，因此和其它文化下的人相比，他们对眼睛没有过多的依赖。即使当他们成年以后，也不会利用面部表情来对某种涵义进行编码或是解码。在交流中，日本人的聚焦点一般是在谈话人的脖子部位”。故选D。

70 C  根据文章最后一段可知“如果美国人在交谈的时候没有看着对方的眼睛，他们会认为对方对谈论的话题不感兴趣，会暂停交谈或者会停止谈话”。故选C。

Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

(71) People in ancient times—perhaps because they were more superstitious and ignorant, perhaps because their simple lives were much closer to the verities—placed far more important on dreams than we do today.

(72) True, our modern world has its volumes of dreams interpretation by modern soothsayer（占卜者）and modern psychiatrist alike: it has its scientists probing into the mechanics of dream; it has its psychologist connecting dreams to the subconscious mind. But it is a rare modern man who seriously wonders if some dreams might not be simple, uncluttered（有序的）communication with the psychic world.

Are not some dreams psychic experiences in themselves? Few Americans are unfamiliar with the death dreams of Abraham Lincoln. This realistic, practical American repeatedly dreamed of attending his own funeral, the last time only a few days before his tragic assassination.

(73) If dreads, or at least some of them, are indeed psychic experiences, perhaps we approach an explanation to the “I’ve been here before” experience that almost all of us have felt at once time or another in our lives. You are exploring a wooded path on a gentle slope in New Hampshire, and you have never been to New Hampshire before it is pleasant and quiet, and a sense of peace hills you into wonderful tranquility. A tiny, shining facet of our minds reflects the memories of things unseen but seen, unknown but known; and somehow we are struck momentarily with a fleeting sense of the eternal.

(74) It goes quickly, this glimpse of greater glory, but roost of us lave bad it, regretting when it is taken back from us—sometimes snatched suddenly as if the giver changed his mind, sometimes drained slowly from our senses and leaving us again with unsatisfying reality.

(75) Have we dreamed these experiences, these times when we recognize rooms and faces and strange places which we have never seen before, and then stored them into our subconscious for later recall? And if we have indeed dreamed than just how can we explain the precise accuracy of our dreams foretelling what we are yet to see?

【参考译文】

71 远古时代的人们也许是因为他们更加迷信和无知，也许是因为他们简单的生活更接近于真理，导致他们比现在的我们更重视梦。

72 确实，我们现代世界有大量对于梦的解读，它们来自现代的占卜者或现代的精神病学专家。这些解读使得科学家研究梦的机智，使得心理学家把梦和思维的潜意识相联系。但几乎没有一个现代人会非常好奇并认为梦也许不是与精神世界进行的简单的、无序的交流。

73 如果感到恐惧，至少其中有些是令人恐惧的。这些的确是心灵体验。或许我们更接近于我们每个人都会有的一到两次的感觉——“我之前好像来过这里”。

74 它消失地很快，这是一种更大的荣耀。但它却让我们感到遗憾，当它从我们手中被收回时，我们有时会突然被抓住，仿佛施予者改变了主意，有时会从我们的感觉中慢慢地抽干，让我们再次陷入不满意的现实中。

75 我们是否曾有过这样的经历：辨认我们从未见过的房间、面孔和陌生的地方，然后将它们储存在我们的潜意识中以便日后回忆。如果我们真的是做梦，又如何解释我们梦中对要发生的事情的精确预测呢？

Part Ⅴ Writing

Directions: (20 points)

You are given 40 minutes to write a composition on the topic: “On Food Safety”. Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below and it should be about 200 words. Remember to write your composition clearly and be sore to write it on the ANSWER SHEET.

食品安全问题已经成为我国的社会热点问题。近年来全国各地的媒体时有关于食物中毒的报道。保证食品安全是涉及人命关天的大事。请就此问题的目前现状和如何解决问题谈谈你的看法，并说明理由。

【参考范文】

On Food Safety

People can’t live without food each day, which makes food safety become our top concern naturally. The importance of food safety is widely recognized. Nowadays, the food poisoning incidents are popular in the media throughout the country, and we purchase food from markets, so the food safety there would be of key importance.

In my opinion, first, it is extremely important for the government to improve the implementation of relevant laws as well as regulations in order to make sure the quality of the products on the market reaches the standard. Second, the consumers need to enhance the ability to make distinctions. It’s also necessary to pay attention to the sanitary conditions before we order the meal. Third, the producers need to be educated and shoulder the full responsibility for their customers.

In conclusion, the food security remains a big issue for everyone in the society. The wiping out of food poisoning incidents requires all of us to make related effort in order to make a more reliable and harmonious society.

【解析】根据题目要求，文章第一段介绍了目前食品安全的状况。第二段提出建议。第一，政府需要完善相关法律法规。第二，消费者用餐前应注意卫生环境。第三，商家需要提高对消费者的责任意识。最后一段进行总结，食品安全需要全社会共同的努力。

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