中山大学外国语学院英语语言文学考研真题及辅导用书

考研真题

1. 中山大学外国语学院《英语语言文学》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

2. 全国名校英美文学考研真题

考研指导书

1. 刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题

2. 刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

3. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题

4. 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

5. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题

6. 常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】

中山大学外国语学院《英语语言文学》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）

书籍目录

部分内容

2017年中山大学《833英语语言文学》考研真题及详解

Part Ⅰ Linguistics (75 points)

1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (20 points)

Example: see /siː/; below / bɪ’ləʊ/

(1) thank

【答案】/θæŋk/

(2) curious

【答案】/’kjʊəriəs/

(3) butcher

【答案】/’bʊtʃə(r)/

(4) washed

【答案】/wɒʃt/

(5) competence

【答案】/’kɒmpɪtəns/

(6) singer

【答案】/’sɪŋə(r)/

(7) column

【答案】/’kɒləm/

(8) chimney

【答案】/’tʃɪmni/

(9) expertise

【答案】/ˌekspɜ:’ti:z/

(10) confused

【答案】/kən’fju:zd/

2 Fill in the following blanks. (10 points)

(1) When languages share major features that transcend families it may be useful to arrange them by such features rather than by family. This is the study of _____.

【答案】language

【解析】Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

(2) A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning- morphemes and word -formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

(3) _____ _____ is the accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms.

【答案】Received pronunciation

【解析】Received pronunciation is an accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, and is defined as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.

(4) Cognates are words that have a _____ etymological origin.

【答案】common

【解析】A word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language.

(5) A _____ condition is a condition that must apply before an utterance can constitute a speech act.

【答案】felicity

【解析】Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. These conditions are called felicity conditions.

(6) Embedding is the _____ of one clause within another.

【答案】inclusion

【解析】Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.

(7) Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____ principally transmitted by vocal sounds.

【答案】symbols

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

(8) The means employed by a language to indicate the relationship between the elements of a sentence include _____ _____, a case system, prepositions and particles.

【答案】relative clause

【解析】The elements of a sentence can be linked grammatically by means of relative clause, a case system, prepositions and particles.

(9) _____ refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or gender of the noun or pronoun it relates to.

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another., shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).

(10) When we consider how language has changed over time we are looking at it from a _____ point of view.

【答案】diachronic

【解析】When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.

3 Define the following terms. (25 points)

(1) assimilation

【答案】Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. This is called assimilation. For example, in English the negative prefix occurs as im- before words such as possible: impossible. As “possible” starts with a bilabial sound, the prefix im- ends in a bilabial sound. Before words like tolerant, however, the prefix is in-: intolerant. As “tolerant” starts with an alveolar sound, the prefix in- ends in an alveolar sound. As the following sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation. On the other hand, the difference between the [s] in the English word cats and the [z] in the English word “dogs” is an example of progressive assimilation because the preceding sounds bring about the change.

(2) performative utterance

【答案】Austin distinguishes two types of sentences: performatives and constatives. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they are called performatives. Although performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. And these conditions are called felicity conditions.

(3) mood

【答案】Mood is one of the realization means of interpersonal function. Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what he assigns to the addressee. If the speaker selects the imperative mood, he assumes the role of one giving commands and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to obey orders. Mood is made up of two parts: the “subject” and the “finite” element. The subject can be a noun, a noun phrase, or a clause. Finite elements are tense morphemes, auxiliary verbs and modal verbs that express tense or modality, and they are part of the verb phrase.

(4) creole

【答案】When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. Creoles have large numbers of native speakers and are not restricted at all in their uses. For example, a French-based creole is spoken by the majority of the population in Haiti, and English-based creoles are used in Jamaica and Sierra Leone. Once a creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change, as appears to be the case for Haiti creole; become extinct; evolve further into a normal language; gradually merge with its base language (e.g. the Standard English) through decreolization, a process by which a creole becomes more like the standard language from which most of its vocabulary comes. For example, an English-based creole may become more like Standard English.

(5) plosive

【答案】Plosives are speech sounds produced some form of complete stopping of the airstream (very briefly) and then letting it go abruptly. The English plosives are [p], [b], [t], [d], [k] and [g].

4 Explain the following statements with examples if necessary. (20 points)

(1) Context plays a very important part in the understanding of the meaning of words.

【答案】The context determines the meaning. Suppose that we are standing by a river, and I say “I was near that bank yesterday”. You certainly understand the bank as a “river bank”, not a “financial institution”. Likewise, if we are on the Wall Street, and I say “I was near that bank yesterday”, you don’t think that I am referring to the edge of a river. The view that meaning is found in the context within which a particular expression is uttered suggests that we can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, the observable context. Two types of context are recognized: a linguistic context and a situational context. Every utterance occurs in a particular spatio-temporal situation. Each utterance is limited by various factors of the situational context. The linguistic context alone is the weaker form of contextual views. It is principally concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other. This is obviously an aspect of meaning.

(2) Life has given each of us a different set of experiences, a different set of attitudes, and these colour our perception of the world around us, affect the impression left by an utterance.

【答案】One’s speech contains a lot of information about oneself-one’s place of birth, education, work experience, personal interest, your mood, the state of mind, among other things. Language and social factors are closely related. When we study language in relation to society, it is called sociolinguistics. Generally speaking, in sociolinguistics, we are interested in how language factors influence the structure and use of language. It is the field that studies the relations between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the language users live. It is also a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistics. In a sense, language offers people different ways of understanding the world.

Part Ⅱ History of British and American Literature: (75 points)

Instructions: For questions 1-13 (2 points each), choose the correct answer and write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. For questions 14-17, write your answer on the answer sheet.

1 All of the following were published during the 1920s EXCEPT

A. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby

B. Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway

C. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land

D. Henry James’s The Golden Bowl

【答案】D

【解析】《金碗》（The Golden Bowl）是亨利·詹姆斯的长篇小说代表作之一，出版于1904年。

2 “It allegorizes the Christian struggle to achieve salvation as a journey from the City of Destruction，through such obstacles and distractions as the Slough of Despond and Vanity Fair, to the Celestial City.”

The sentence above describes

A. Gulliver’s Travels

B. Piers Plowman

C. The Fall of Hyperion

D. The Pilgrim’s Progress

【答案】D

【解析】《天路历程》为英国约翰·班扬创作的长篇小说，讲述了一个坚韧的基督徒为寻求永生而踏上荆棘遍布的漫漫长旅。

Questions 3-5 are based on the following novel titles:

A. The Prince and the Pauper

B. As I Lay Dying

C. An American Tragedy

D. The Portrait of a Lady

3 Which is by Henry James?

4 Which is by William Faulkner?

5 Which is by Theodore Dreiser?

【答案与解析】

3 D  《一位贵妇的画像》又称《一位女士的画像》（The Portrait of a Lady）是美国作家亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James）的早期代表作，也是他的杰作之一。

4 B  《我弥留之际》（As I Lay Dying）是美国作家威廉·福克纳William Faulkner创作的作品。

5 C  《美国悲剧》（An American Tragedy）是美国作家西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser的代表作。

6 Which of the following is NOT a description of Neo-Classicism?

A. It is a literary movement that draws inspiration from the “classical” art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.

B. It coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century.

C. Its major proponents in English literature include Henry Fielding and Dr. Johnson.

D. It emphasized reason over emotion.

【答案】C

【解析】亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding）是18世纪英国最杰出的小说家，是英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

The following are the opening lines of four novels. Questions 7-10 are based on them:

A. My father’s name being Pirrip and my Christian name, Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing more explicit than Pip. So I called myself Pip and came to be called Pip.

B. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

C. There was no possibility of taking a walk that day. We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning; but since dinner (Mrs. Reed, when there was no company, dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further out-door exercise was now out of the question.

D. He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.

7 Which is by Ernest Hemingway?

8 Which is by Charlotte Bronte?

9 Which is by Jane Austen?

10 Which is by Charles Dickens?

【答案与解析】

7 D  此句话选自欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威的《老人与海》。

8 C  该段选自英国女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》，是一部具有自传色彩的作品。作品讲述一位从小变成孤儿的英国女子在各种磨难中不断追求自由与尊严，坚持自我，最终获得幸福的故事。

9 B  此句话为简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》扉页上的话。生动地反映了18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情。

10 A  该段选自查尔斯·狄更斯的长篇小说《远大前程》，为该小说的开头。主角孤儿皮普（Pip）以自传式手法，叙述从7岁开始的三个人生阶段。

Questions 11-14 are based on the following:

11 This poem was written in which of the following era?

A. Modern

B. Victorian

C. Romantic

D. Elizabethan

12 This poem is written in the form of

A. epic

B. ballad

C. sonnet

D. elegy

13 The literary device used in “(n) or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade” is

A. metaphor

B. irony

C. personification

D. paradox

14 What is the central idea that the poet wants to express? (5 points)

【答案与解析】

11 D  该诗为莎士比亚的十四行诗中的一首，他的十四行诗创作于1590到1598年间，为伊丽莎白一世统治时期。

12 C  该诗为十四行诗（sonnet）。

13 D  该句意为“死神无从夸口，说你在他的阴影里徘徊”。其深层意思为尽管根据自然规律“你”有朝一日会被死神的阴影所笼罩，但“你”将在我的诗句中获得永生，死神仅仅能能让“你”肉体毁灭，这没什么值得夸耀的。该句将两个意义对立的概念置于一处，看起来“非”实际上“是”，是矛盾修辞法（paradox）。

14 The poet expresses his love to the beauty of his lover and he believes the beautiful things will last forever. It also implies that he is confident in his work’s immortal influence.

Question 15 is based on the following:

15 These lines are taken from John Donne’s poem “The Good Morrow”. Explain the metaphysical conceit used in the poem. Which literary school does this poem represent? Explain the characteristics of the school. (12 points)

【参考答案】

The author called the lovers as two hemispheres, which is a metaphysical conceit. It seems that the lovers have no relations with hemispheres. But it adds three notions actually. First, the lovers aren’t complete by themselves, they need each other. Second, once the lovers are together, they form not only a complete body, but a whole world. Third, the being they form when they are together is perfect. So the world they form will have no imperfections, no sharp north or declining west. “Sharp” may stand for quarrels between the lovers, and “declining” for the gradual decay of love because of time.

This poem represents the metaphysical poetry.

Metaphysical poetry is derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion. According to them, all things in the universe, no matter how dissimilar they are to each other, are closely unified in God. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.

Question 16 is based on the following:

All science has one aim, namely, to find a theory of nature. We have theories of races and of functions, but scarcely yet a remote approach to an idea of creation. We are now so far from the road to truth, that religious teachers dispute and hate each other, and speculative men are esteemed unsound and frivolous. But to a sound judgment, the most abstract truth is the most practical. Whenever a true theory appears, it will be its own evidence. Its test is, that it will explain all phenomena. Now many are thought not only unexplained but inexplicable; as language, sleep, madness, dreams, beasts, sex.

Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Strictly speaking, therefore, all that is separate from us, all which Philosophy distinguishes as the NOT ME, that is, both nature and art, all other men and my own body, must be ranked under this name, NATURE. In enumerating the values of nature and casting up their sum, I shall use the word in both senses; —in its common and in its philosophical import. In inquiries as general as our present one, the inaccuracy is not material; no confusion of thought will occur. Nature, in the common sense, refers to essences unchanged by man; space, the air, the river, the leaf. Art is applied to the mixture of his will with the same things, as in a house, a canal, a statue, a picture. But his operations taken together are so insignificant, a little chipping, baking, patching, and washing, that in an impression as grand as that of the world on the human mind, they do not vary the result.

16 The above passage is taken from Emerson’s “Nature”. How does the passage express Emerson’s transcendentalist philosophy? (12 points)

【参考答案】

In the essay, Emerson states that man should not see nature merely as something to be used, that a man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness. Man should understand the truth of the universe by over soul, by it, God is everywhere.

He regarded nature as the great source of inspiration. He regarded nature as the purest and the most holy moral influence on man and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and omnipresent God in nature. Nature was, to him, emblematic of God. Nature was the symbol of spirit.

Question 17 is based on the following:

17 These lines, taken from Yeats’s poem “The Second Coming” are often used as the description of the historical situation of the beginning of the 20^th century. What kind of sentiment is expressed in these lines? Please answer the question with reference to the Modernist Literary Movement. (20 points)

【参考答案】

The Modernist Period in English Literature occupied the years from shortly after the beginning of the twentieth century through roughly 1965. In broad terms, the period was marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world. A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions.

The Second Coming was intended by Yeats to describe the current historical moment (the poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres. Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of an apocalyptic revelation, as history reached the end of the outer gyre and began moving along the inner gyre.

The Second Coming is a magnificent statement about the contrary forces at work in history, and about the conflict between the modern world and the ancient world. In other words, the world’s trajectory along the gyre of science, democracy, and heterogeneity is now coming apart, like the frantically widening flight-path of the falcon that has lost contact with the falconer; the next age will take its character not from the gyre of science, democracy, and speed, but from the contrary inner gyre—which, presumably, opposes mysticism, primal power, and slowness to the science and democracy of the outer gyre.

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