考研真题
1. 上海外国语大学高级翻译学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇总
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上海外国语大学高级翻译学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇总
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2013年上海外国语大学高级翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）
2012年上海外国语大学高级翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）
2011年上海外国语大学高级翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）
2010年上海外国语大学高级翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）
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2013年上海外国语大学高级翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）
Making the most of diversity
From Reuters Thu Nov 15, 2012 4:22pm EST
By
Chrystia Freeland
NEW YORK Nov 15 (Reuters) – For America,
2012 will go down in history as the year of the Latinos, the blacks, the women
and the gays. That rainbow coalition won President Barack Obama his second
term. This triumph of the outsiders is partly due to America’s changing demographics.
And it is not just the United
States that is becoming more diverse. Canada is, too,as
is much of Europe.
That is
why it is worth thinking hard about how to make diverseteams effective, and how people who
straddle two cultural worlds can succeed. Three academics, appropriately enough
a diverse group based in Asia and America, have been doing some
provocative research thatsuggests that
our ability to comfortably integrate our different identities – or not – is the
key.
In
“Connecting the Dots Within: Creative Performance and Identity
Integration,” Chi-Ying Cheng of Singapore Management University, Jeffrey
Sanchez-Burks of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, and
Fiona Lee, also at the University of
Michigan, argue that ethnic minorities and women in male-dominated professions are most creative when they have found a way to
believe that their “multiple andconflictingsocial identities are compatible.”
“We
tried to see how people who have to deal with seemingly in-conflict culture or gender identities
cope,” Cheng told me. Their conclusionwas
that people who have found a way to reconcile their two identities –
Asian-Americans, for example, or women
who work in male-dominated jobs like engineering – are the best at finding creative solutions to problems.
“Those
who see their identities as compatible,
they are better at combining ideas from the two identities to come up with
something new,” Cheng said. “While
those who also share these two social identities, butsee them as being in conflict, they cannot come up with new ideas.”
Cheng,
Sanchez-Burks and Lee devised a research strategy to probe this issue that you
do not need a Ph.D. to appreciate: They asked Asian-Americans to invent new
fusion cuisine dishes using both typically Asian and typically American
ingredients, and they asked female engineers to design products geared
specifically to women. In both cases, people who were at peace with their dual
identities performed better.
“Asian-Americans
who had higher bicultural integration could create more creative recipes, and
they believed it was possible to come up with more recipes,” Cheng said.
“By contrast, Asian-Americans who feel their two identities are in conflict
cannot come up with as many creative recipes.”
Cheng has
her own experience of being a minority. She is from Taiwan
but went to graduate school in the United States; she is a woman but
has taught in the male-dominated environment of graduate business schools. She does
not minimize the challenge of coming to terms with this sort of diversity.
“People
who have high identity integration, it is not that they are more easygoing. It
is that they find peace between the two different worlds,” Cheng said.
“It is not that easy. Pretending doesn’t work. There has to be real
understanding and integration between the two worlds. They find a way for the
two worlds to coexist inside a person.”
This
academic work is a useful prism for understanding the man who may be the
world’s most prominent integrator of two potentially conflicting identities:
President Obama. He has gained admission to what used to be the most exclusive
white club of all, the White House, while remaining patently at ease with his
black identity.
As Cheng
advises, Obama does not ignore the complexities of straddling these two worlds:
He governs with an acute awareness of the particular challenges a black skin
poses for the man Americans still like to describe as the leader of the free
world. But the president is also deeply at ease with his various identities, a
psychological state that may help him use them to powerful effect – as in the
election campaign, when he rallied pretty much all Americans who think of
themselves as different.
The
conclusions of Cheng, Sanchez-Burks and Lee suggest a tantalizing follow-up
question: How can we achieve the personal integration these scholars have
identified as crucial to making a virtue of diversity? Further research by
Cheng offers one answer: “You can integrate your identities if you have
positive bicultural experiences. The macrosystem can influence the
microsystem.”
In other
words, if the world around us tells us our dual identities are compatible, we
will believe that, and act accordingly. If female engineers work in a company
that treats their gender as a virtue, they will do better. If Asian-Americans
live in a community that celebrates both aspects of their identity, they will
be more effective.
America’s rainbow coalition won at the
ballot box this month, but in other settings the nation has become a little
weary of diversity-cheering movements like multiculturalism and even explicit
feminism. Cheng’s work suggests that cynicism may be misplaced. Diversity can
work, but we have to work at it.
上面划线部分为完型填空的答案
1.
According to the author, what it takes for a minority person to succeed in the
US?
2.Why the author considers barak obama a success?
3.
Elaborate the author’s argument “The macrosystem can influence the
microsystem.”
4.What are the author alluding to with the phrase “rainbow coalition”?
Write in English
500 words about your comment on how to succeed in an increasingly diverse
environment.
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